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ΓΕΝΙΚΕΣ ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΕΣ
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Ο Ψηφιακός Αρχαιολογικός 'Ατλας της Κρήτης, υλοποιήθηκε από το Εργαστήριο Γεωφυσικής Δορυφορικής Τηλεπισκόπησης & Αρχαιοπεριβάλλοντος του Ι.Μ.Σ., και αποτελεί συνέχιση του προγράμματος «Ψηφιακός Αρχαιολογικός Χάρτης Λασιθίου». Το πρόγραμμα υλοποιήθηκε στα πλαίσια του προγράμματος Ψηφιακή Κρήτη και περιλαμβάνει μία βάση δεδομένων όλων των αρχαιολογικών και ιστορικών θέσεων της Κρήτης. Η γεωγραφική βάση δεδομένων περιλαμβάνει ακριβείς συντεταγμένες των θέσεων, περιβαλλοντικές πληροφορίες και συνοπτικό κατάλογο των σημαντικότερων ευρημάτων. Το υπόβαθρο του ηλεκτρονικού χάρτη αποτελείται από δορυφορικές απεικονίσεις της περιοχής, ψηφιοποιημένους τοπογραφικούς, γεωλογικούς, περιβαλλοντικούς χάρτες και θεματικούς χάρτες των σημαντικότερων νεότερων οικισμών και πόλεων. Οι αρχαιολογικές πληροφορίες συλλέχθησαν κυρίως μέσω της αποδελτίωσης επιστημονικών περιοδικών και συγγραμμάτων, ενώ ουσιαστικής σημασίας ήταν η συνεισφορά τόσο μεμονωμένων ερευνητών όσο και του τοπικού πληθυσμού, ο οποίος βοήθησε με ιδιαίτερο ζήλο στην προσπάθεια εντοπισμού των θέσεων που έγινε από δορυφορικές εικόνες, αεροφωτογραφίες, ψηφιοποιήσεις χαρτών ή και επιτόπιες έρευνες. Πάνω από 5.500 θέσεις αρχαιολογικού ενδιαφέροντος έχουν εγγραφεί στην βάση πληροφοριών, ενώ πολλές από αυτές έχουν χαρτογραφηθεί και παρουσιάζονται στις αντίστοιχες χαρτογραφικές εφαρμογές (WEB_GIS). Επίσης, συμπεριλαμβάνεται μία εφαρμογή VRML για εικονική πλοήγηση στο τρισδιάστατο μοντέλο της Κρήτης, ένας κατάλογος των μουσείων και εκθεσιακών κέντρων, καθώς επίσης και σύντομες συνεντεύξεις από ερευνητές που ασχολούνται με τον πολιτισμό και την αρχαιολογία. Τόσο η ηλεκτρονική τράπεζα πληροφοριών, όσο και τα αντίστοιχα χαρτογραφικά προϊόντα, είναι διαθέσιμα από ειδικό Ιnfokiosk και τερματικά στο Ι.Μ.Σ., αλλά και από ειδικά σχεδιασμένη ιστοσελίδα στο διαδίκτυο. Η προσπάθεια αυτή αναμένεται να αποτελέσει ένα κομβικό σημείο για φοιτητές και ερευνητές που ασχολούνται με τον πολιτισμό της Κρήτης. Συγχρόνως, το πρόγραμμα αποσκοπεί στην καλύτερη κατανόηση του πολιτισμικού τοπίου και την στενότερη επαφή των αρχαιολογιών θέσεων με το ευρύτερο κοινό. Στόχος του προγράμματος είναι η δημιουργία ενός υποβάθρου το οποίο θα συνεχίσει να εμπλουτίζεται με αρχαιολογικές πληροφορίες σε σχέση με την Κρήτη. Πιστεύουμε ότι η προσπάθεια αυτή συμβάλλει σημαντικά στην προώθηση ζητημάτων που αφορούν στην αρχαιολογική έρευνα στην Κρήτη, στην ανταλλαγή εμπειρίας και στη διάχυση των ιδεών.
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ΟΜΑΔΑ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑΣ ΙΜΣ - ΙΤΕ
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Eπιστημονικός Υπεύθυνος
Dr. Απόστολος Σαρρής, Phd, MA, MSc, BA
Αποδελτίωση - Επιμέλεια κειμένων - Αποτυπώσεις θέσεων
Eλένη Περάκη, ΜΑ, ΒΑ
Νεκταρία Χετζογιαννάκη, ΜΑ, ΒΑ
Μαρία Ηλβανίδου, ΜΑ, ΒΑ
Dr. Ευαγγελία Καρίμαλη, PhD., BA
Κατερίνα Κουριάτη, ΜΑ, ΒΑ
Μαριάννα Κατηφόρη, ΜΑ, ΒΑ
Ευαγγελία Κάππα, ΜΑ, ΒΑ
Κατερίνα Αθανασάκη, ΜΑ, ΒΑ
Gemma Marakas, ΒΑ
Χαρτογραφικά Προϊόντα & Αποτυπώσεις θέσεων
Βασίλης Τρίγκας, ΒΑ
Νίκος Παπαδόπουλος, PhD, ΜΑ, ΒΑ
Μαριλένα Κοκκινάκη, ΒΑ, ΜΑ
Γεωργία Κακουλάκη, ΒΑ
Παρασκευή Σεφέρου, ΒΑ
Βάσεις Πληροφοριών
Γιώργος Παπαδάκης, ΒΑ
Μιχάλης Παπάζογλου, ΜΑ, ΒΑ
Άρης Κυδωνάκης, ΒΑ
Μετάφραση υλικού
Sandy Mc Gilvrey
Συγχρόνως θα πρέπει να μνημονευτεί η συνεισφορά της ομάδας εργασίας που συμμετείχε στο έργο «Ψηφιακός Χάρτης Λασιθίου», ενώ θα πρέπει επίσης να σημειωθεί και η βοήθεια πολλών άλλων που βοήθησαν στις εργασίες πεδίου για τον εντοπισμό των αρχαιολογικών θέσεων. Τέλος, κάποια από τα υπόβαθρα τα οποία χρησιμοποιήθηκαν στον Αρχαιολογικό Ατλαντα της Κρήτης έγιναν στα πλαίσια του προγράμματος ΕΜΕΡΙC I.
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ΠΕΡΙΒΑΛΛΟΝΤΙΚΗ ΕΠΙΚΙΝΔΥΝΟΤΗΤΑ
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Στα χαρτογραφικά προϊόντα του Αρχαιολογικού 'Ατλαντα της Κρήτης, συμπεριλαμβάνονται υπόβαθρα σχετικά με την περιβαλλοντική επικινδυνότητα των αρχαιολογικών θέσεων. Τα προϊόντα αυτά είναι η αποτύπωση της σεισμικής δραστηριότητας της περιοχής της Κρήτης (όπως έχει καταγραφεί από το Αριστοτέλειο Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσσαλονίκης), ένα χαρτογραφικό μοντέλο επικινδυνότητας κατολισθήσεων και ένα χαρτογραφικό μοντέλο επικινδυνότητας αγροτικών πυρκαγιών. Συγχρόνως, υπάρχουν χάρτες που αποτυπώνουν την επαναληψιμότητα αγροτικών πυρκαγιών και το μέγεθος της συνολικής καμμένης έκτασης ανά πυρκαγιά.
Πιο συγκεκριμένα, τα σεισμολογικά στοιχεία συλλέχθηκαν από την ιστοσελίδα του Αριστοτέλειου Πανεπιστημίου Θεσσαλονίκης και αφορούν ιστορικά στοιχεία καθώς και πρόσφατα γεγονότα σεισμικής δραστηριότητας που επεκτείνονται μέχρι τον Μάιο του 2005. Τα στοιχεία που έχουν συλλεχθεί επικεντρώνονται γύρω από την περιοχή της Κρήτης. Στους χάρτες εμφανίζονται τόσο τα επίκεντρα των σεισμών μεγέθους πάνω από 4R, καθώς επίσης και η πυκνότητα των αντίστοιχων επικέντρων.
Για το μοντέλο της επικινδυνότητας των κατολισθήσεων έγινε συνδυασμός των παραμέτρων του ενοποιημένου γεωλογικού χάρτη της Κρήτης, της υδρολιθολογίας, της κλίσης του εδάφους, του μέσου όρου βροχόπτωσης & της παρουσίας ή απουσίας ρηγμάτων σε ακτίνα έως κι ένα χιλιόμετρο από την εκάστοτε εξεταζόμενη περιοχή. Το μοντέλο βασίστηκε σε χωρικές αναλύσεις μέσω των GIS κάνοντας χρήση συντελεστών βαρύτητας.
Η εκτίμηση επικινδυνότητας για πυρκαγιές βλάστησης βασίστηκε σε μη τυποποιημένη (informal) ταξινόμηση του κινδύνου που προέκυπτε από αξιολόγηση συγκεκριμένων κριτηρίων στα οποία δεν συμπεριλαμβάνονται κριτήρια που αφορούν ανθρωπογενείς δραστηριότητες και που επηρεάζουν τη συχνότητα και την έκταση των πυρκαγιών βλάστησης. Το αποτέλεσμα της μη τυποποιημένης ταξινόμησης του κινδύνου χρησιμοποιήθηκε για την ψηφιακή επεξεργασία δορυφορικής εικόνας LANDSAT 5 TM του 1999 με τελικό στόχο την χωρική αποτύπωση της επικινδυνότητας.. Για την εκτίμηση επικινδυνότητας πυρκαγιών βλάστησης σε συγκεκριμένες θέσεις εκπαίδευσης χρησιμοποιήθηκαν σε μη τυποποιημένη ταξινόμηση η ανακλαστικότητα της βλάστησης στο εγγύς υπέρυθρο από 0,76 - 0,90μm, ο τύπος του ενδιαιτήματος με βάση το αποτέλεσμα της χαρτογράφησης, η ευφλεκτικότητα των κυρίαρχων ειδών με βάση βιβλιογραφικές αναφορές, τα ιστορικά δεδομένα πυρκαγιών και το ανάγλυφο της περιοχής. Το αποτέλεσμα της διαδικασίας αυτής χρησιμοποιήθηκε για την καθοδηγούμενη αντικειμενοστρεφή ταξινόμηση των δορυφορικών εικόνων του Landsat.
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ΠΕΡΙΒΑΛΛΟΝΤΙΚΑ ΣΤΟΙΧΕΙΑ
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Τα περιβαλλοντικά στοιχεία περιλαμβάνουν τις χαρακτηρισμένες περιοχές του NATURA, καθώς και ψηφιοποιημένους χάρτες χρήσης γης και γεοϊκανότητας του Υπουργείου Γεωργίας / Διεύθυνση Δασών.
Οι χάρτες Γαιοϊκανότητας περιλαμβάνουν τα ακόλουθα πεδία:
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Categories
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ΔΥΝΑΤΟΤΗΤΑ ΑΥΞΗΣΗΣ ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΚΩΝ ΔΑΣΩΝ
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Category 1
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Γαίες χωρίς περιορισμούς για την αύξηση οικονομικών δασών (%)
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Category 2
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Γαίες με ελαφρούς περιορισμούς για την αύξηση οικονομικών δασών (%)
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Category 3
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Γαίες με μέτριους περιορισμούς για την αύξηση οικονομικών δασών (%)
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Category 4
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Γαίες με έντονους περιορισμούς για την αύξηση οικονομικών δασών (%)
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Category 5
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Γαίες με ισχυρούς περιορισμούς για την αύξηση οικονομικών δασών (%)
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Οι χάρτες Γαιών περιλαμβάνουν τα ακόλουθα πεδία:
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Code
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Κωδικοποίηση χαρτών Γαιών
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Επιμέρους Κωδικοποίηση
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Κωδικοποίηση χαρτών Γαιών
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Surf_geol1
Surf_geol2
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Mητρικό υλικό 1
Μητρικό υλικό 2
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T
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Τριτογενείς αποθέσεις
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C
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Σκληροί ασβεστόλιθοι
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A
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Αλλούβια
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X
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Σχιστόλιθοι
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Physiogr1
Physiogr2
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Φυσιογραφία 1
Φυσιογραφία 2
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0
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Επίπεδη επιφάνεια
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1
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Απότομες κορυφές
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2
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Απότομες πλαγιές
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3
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Αποστρογγυλωμένες κορυφές
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4
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Επάνω μέρος κλιτύων
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5
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Μέσο μέρος κλιτύων
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6
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Αναβαθμοί
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7
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Κάτω μέρος κλιτύων
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8
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Ανοικτή κοιλάδα
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9
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Κλειστή κοιλάδα
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Soil_depth
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Βάθος εδάφους
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1
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Βαθύ
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2
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Βαθύ και αβαθές
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3
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Βαθύ και βράχος
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4
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Αβαθές και βαθύ
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5
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Αβαθές
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6
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Αβαθές και βράχος
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7
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Βράχος και βαθύ
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8
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Βράχος και αβαθές
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9
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Βράχος
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Erosion
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Διάβρωση (Χαραδρωτική)
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1
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Καμία
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2
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Καμία και μέτρια
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3
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Καμία και έντονη
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4
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Μέτρια και καμία
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5
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Μέτρια
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6
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Μέτρια και έντονη
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7
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Έντονη και καμία
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8
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Έντονη και μέτρια
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9
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Έντονη
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Slope
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Κλίσεις Επιφάνειας
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1
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Ελαφρές
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2
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Ελαφρές και μέτριες
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3
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Ελαφρές και απότομες
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4
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Μέτριες και ελαφρές
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5
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Μέτριες
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6
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Μέτριες και απότομες
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7
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Απότομες και ελαφρές
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8
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Απότομες και μέτριες
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9
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Απότομες
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Land region
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Οικολογική Περιοχή
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G
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Ζώνη αειφύλλων πλατυφύλλων
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Artif_veg
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Βαθμός Ανθρωπογενούς επίδρασης στη βλάστηση
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1
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Ασθενής
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2
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Μέτριος
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3
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Έντονος
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4
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Γυμνή απο βλάστηση έκταση
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5
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Χορτολίβαδα
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6
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Φρύγανα
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7
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Καλλιεργημένη έκταση
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Aspect
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Εκθέσεις
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BB
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Βόρειες
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BN
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Βόρειες και νότιες
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QQ
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Ποικίλες
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NB
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Νότιες και βόρειες
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NN
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Νότιες
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EE
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Επίπεδα
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EB
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Επίπεδα και βόρειες
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EN
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Επίπεδα και νότιες
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BE
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Βόρειες και επίπεδα
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NE
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Νότιες και επίπεδα
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QE
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Ποικίλες και επίπεδα
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EQ
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Επίπεδα και ποικίλες
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Kωδικοποίηση: (Μητρικό υλικό και φυσιογραφία)-Βάθος εδάφους/Διάβρωση/Κλίσεις επιφανείας-Serial number-(Oικολογική περιοχή+Βαθμός ανθρωπογενούς επίδρασης στη βλάστηση)-Εκθέσεις
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Το serial number (κωδικός αριθμός) αναφέρεται στη κάρτα της χαρτογραφικής μονάδας που περιγράφει την κατανομή των τύπων γης
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ΣΤΑΤΙΣΤΙΚΑ ΣΤΟΙΧΕΙΑ
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Ανάμεσα στις επιλογές που υπάρχουν στον Αρχαιολογικό 'Ατλαντα της Κρήτης συμπεριλαμβάνεται η στατιστική ανάλυση των αρχαιολογικών θέσεων της βάσης πληροφοριών με βάση συγκεκριμένα κριτήρια. Οι στατιστικές αναλύσεις αναφέρονται στα ακόλουθα:
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Ποσοστά κηρυγμένων αρχαιολογικών θέσεων
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Ποσοστά τοπογραφικής αποτύπωσης αρχαιολογικών θέσεων (GPS, ψηφιοποίηση, χωρίς τοπογραφική αποτύπωση)
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Ερευνητική Μεθοδολογία (Αρχαιο-περιβαλλοντικές Μελέτες, Ανασκαφική Έρευνα, Επιφανειακή Έρευνα, Γεωφυσική Έρευνα)
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Αρχαιολογικές θέσεις ανά Δήμο και ανά ΟΤΑ
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Αρχαιολογικές θέσεις ανά χρονολογία χρήσης
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Αρχαιολογικές θέσεις ανά κατηγορία χρήσης
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ΠΛΗΘΥΣΜΙΑΚΑ ΣΤΟΙΧΕΙΑ
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Στους χάρτες των πληθυσμιακών στοιχείων έχει γίνει υπέρθεση των χαρτών της κατανομής των αρχαιολογικών θέσεων της Κρήτης σε χάρτες που αποτυπώνουν τα νεώτερα χωριά και πόλεις, καθώς και τα πληθυσμιακά στοιχεία των ΟΤΑ για τα έτη 1913, 1920, 1928, 1940, 1951, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991 και 2001. Σε κάθε ΟΤΑ περιλαμβάνεται και ο αριθμός των χωριών και πόλεων που αντιστοιχούν σε αυτά.
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ΚΛΙΜΑΤΟΛΟΓΙΚΑ ΣΤΟΙΧΕΙΑ
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Τα κλιματολογικά στοιχεία που περιλαμβάνονται στους αντίστοιχους θεματικούς χάρτες του Αρχαιολογικού 'Ατλαντα της Κρήτης αποτυπώνουν την μέση μηνιαία βροχόπτωση για τις περιόδους 1990-2000 (περίοδος 1990) και 2000-2005 (2000), καθώς και την μέση μηνιαία θερμοκρασία για το έτος 2000. Οι χάρτες αποτελούν το αποτέλεσμα τεχνικών παρεμβολής δεδομένων από 65 μετεωρολογικούς σταθμούς της ΕΜΥ και της ΥΕΒ.
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ΤΟΠΟΓΡΑΦΙΚΑ ΣΤΟΙΧΕΙΑ
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Οι τοπογραφικοί χάρτες της Κρήτης περιλαμβάνουν στοιχεία από τα τοπογραφικά διαγράμματα της Γ.Υ.Σ., καθώς και γεωμορφολογικά στοιχεία που προέρχονται από το στερεοσκοπικές εικόνες του δορυφόρου SPOT.
Τα τοπογραφικά στοιχεία περιλαμβάνουν πληροφορίες σχετικά με τους 4 νομούς της Κρήτης (Χανιά, Ρέθυμνο, Ηράκλειο και Λασίθι). Ανάμεσα στα στοιχεία αυτά περιλαμβάνονται οι πόλεις και τα χωριά, το πρωτεύον και δευτερεύον οδικό δίκτυο, λατομεία, λίμνες και ποτάμια και οι ισοϋψείς. Συγχρόνως, οι στερεοσκοπικές εικόνες SPOT χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για την δημιουργία του Ψηφιακού Μοντέλου Εδάφους (DEM) καθώς και των χαρτών κλίσης, προσανατολισμού και φωτοσκίασης.
Οι τοπογραφικοί χάρτες 1:50.000 της Γ.Υ.Σ. που καλύπτουν την περιφέρεια της Κρήτης αποτελούνται από τα ακόλουθα φύλλα:
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'Αγιος Νικόλαος (Κρήτης)
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Ηράκλειον
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Παλαίκαστρον
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Αντισκάριον
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Ιεράπετρα
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Παλαιόχωρα
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'Ανω Βιάννος
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Καστέλλιον (Κίσαμος)
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Πέραμα
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Ανώγεια
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Κάτω Χωρίον
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Περιβόλια
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Αχεντριάς
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Μέλαμπες
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(Μεσομινωική)
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ΜΜ ΙΙΑ
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ΜΜ ΙΙΒ
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ΜΜ ΙΙΙΑ
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Νεο-ανακτορική
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ΜΜ ΙΙΙΒ
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Ύστερη Μινωική
(Υστερομινωική)
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Μυκηναϊκή Ι - ΥΕλλαδική Ι
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ΥΜ ΙΑ
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ΥΜ ΙB
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Μυκηναϊκή ΙΙ-ΙΙΙΑ, ΥΕλλαδική ΙΙ-ΙΙΙΑ
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ΥΜ ΙΙ
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Μυκηναϊκή ΙΙΙΒ-Γ, ΥΕλλαδική ΙΙΙΒ-Γ
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ΥΜ ΙΙΙΑ
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Μετα-ανακτορική
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ΥΜ ΙΙΙΒ
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ΥΜ ΙΙΙΓ
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Υπομινωϊκή - Σκοτεινοί Χρόνοι / Πρωτογεωμετρική
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Β΄ Βυζαντινή περίοδος
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Ενετική
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ΟΘωμανική
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Νεώτεροι χρόνοι
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Ιστορικοί χρόνοι
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Αδιευκρίνιστη περίοδος
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ΑΠΟΔΕΛΤΙΩΣΗ ΑΝΑΦΟΡΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΒΙΒΛΙΟΓΡΑΦΙΑΣ
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Οι πληροφορίες που συνοδεύουν την βάση αρχαιολογικών πληροφοριών του Αρχαιολογικού 'Ατλαντα της Κρήτης προέρχονται από ελληνικά και ξενόγλωσσα περιοδικά και βιβλία. Έμφαση δόθηκε στις αρχαιολογικές θέσεις των προϊστορικών έως και των ρωμαϊκών χρόνων, ενώ καταχωρήθηκε και σημαντικός αριθμός θέσεων μεταγενέστερων χρονικών περιόδων.
Για την κάθε αρχαιολογική θέση καταχωρούνται οι παρακάτω πληροφορίες (στο βαθμό που αυτές είναι διαθέσιμες):
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Τοπωνύμιο/α
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Εγγύτερο χωριό
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Νομός / δήμος / επαρχία
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Κατάσταση προστασίας (κήρυξη ΦΕΚ, Υ.Α., διατήρηση, φύλαξη, συντήρηση, παράνομη χρήση του χώρου κλπ.)
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Διαστάσεις της αρχαιολογικής θέσης
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Πληροφορίες για το σημερινό περιβάλλον
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Χρονική φάση χρήσης και τεκμηρίωση χρονολόγησης. Στο πεδίο αυτό καταχωρούνται πληροφορίες που αφορούν στην κατηγορία/τύπο χρήσης των θέσεων ανά χρονική περίοδο, καθώς και στο αντίστοιχο τοπωνύμιο της περιοχής και τις δευτερεύουσες ονομασίες.
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Γενικές πληροφορίες ανασκαφικής έρευνας (σωστική, δοκιμαστική, συστηματική)
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Γενικές πληροφορίες επιφανειακής έρευνας (συστηματική, μη-συστηματική)
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Όνομα ανασκαφέα /ερευνητή
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Χρονολογία/ες ανασκαφικής /επιφανειακής έρευνας
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Γενικές πληροφορίες γεωφυσικής έρευνας, αρχαιο-περιβαλλοντικών μελετών, φορέα/έων υλοποίησης, ερευνητή/ών και έτους/η έρευνας.
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Γενικές παρατηρήσεις οι οποίες στηρίζονται στις βιβλιογραφικές παραπομπές που έως σήμερα έχουν αποδελτιωθεί, προκειμένου για δοθεί στον αναγνώστη μια συνοπτική εικόνα της χωροθέτησης, διάρθρωσης και χρήσης του αρχαιολογικού χώρου στο πέρασμα του χρόνου.
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Βιβλιογραφικές παραπομπές από διεθνή περιοδικά, μονογραφίες, συλλογικούς τόμους και αυτοτελή βιβλία.
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Συγχρόνως, στη βάση αρχαιολογικών πληροφοριών περιλαμβάνεται φωτογραφικό υλικό και σχέδια.
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Σε λίγες περιπτώσεις, υπάρχουν video με παρουσίαση των εκάστοτε ερευνητών.
Τα παραπάνω στοιχεία είναι προσβάσιμα στο σύνολό τους, μόνο στην περίπτωση που έχει πραγματοποιηθεί συστηματική έρευνα στο χώρο και τα αποτελέσματά αυτής έχουν δημοσιευθεί από τους ερευνητές. Για αρκετές θέσεις, όπως για εκείνες που: α) έχουν υποβληθεί μόνο σε επιφανειακή έρευνα και όχι και σε ανασκαφική β) δεν έχει προχωρήσει αρκετά η ανασκαφική έρευνα και γ) δεν έχει δημοσιευθεί η μελέτη της κεραμικής ή άλλων ευρημάτων και αρχιτεκτονικών δομών, ορισμένα ειδικά θέματα δεν είναι δυνατόν να συμπληρωθούν. Σε αυτές τις περιπτώσεις καταχωρείται μία γενική χρονολόγηση (π.χ. ΥΜ αντί ΥΜ ΙΙΙΓ) και κατηγορία (π.χ. αρχαιολογική θέση αντί για οικισμός / χωριό / πόλη κ.τ.λ.) ή σημειώνεται ότι τα μέχρι τώρα στοιχεία δεν επαρκούν για τη συμπλήρωση των αντίστοιχων πεδίων.
Τέλος, ας σημειωθεί ότι η βάση των αρχαιολογικών πληροφοριών περιέχει μεγάλο αριθμό αρχαιολογικών θέσεων πληροφορίες αναφορικά με τη χωροθέτηση, τη χρονολογική τους φάση και την κατηγορία τους. Τα δεδομένα αυτά είναι προσβάσιμα μόνο στις εγκαταστάσεις του ΙΜΣ, ενώ η πρόσβαση στα δεδομένα μέσω διαδικτύου θα είναι εφικτή μετά από τη δημοσίευσή τους από τους αντίστοιχους ερευνητές.
Ορισμένες φορές, οι ερμηνείες των μελετητών ως προς το χώρο και το χρόνο διίστανται, ιδιαίτερα για τις θέσεις που δεν έχουν ανασκαφεί και μελετηθεί συστηματικά. Για παράδειγμα, η ίδια δομή χαρακτηρίζεται ή χρονολογείται διαφορετικά από διαφορετικούς ερευνητές (π.χ., αγροικία ή μεμονωμένη οικία, ΥΜΙΑ ή ΥΜΙΒ). Στα σχόλια, σημειώνονται οι διαφορετικές απόψεις, επισημαίνοντας τα ονόματα και τα επιχειρήματα των μελετητών.
Για την ικανοποίηση των αναγκών του προγράμματος αποδελτιώθηκε μεγάλο μέρος ελληνικών και ξενόγλωσσων περιοδικών, καθώς και μεμονωμένες μελέτες και άρθρα, τα οποία αναφέρονται σε αρχαιολογικές θέσεις, οικισμούς, αγροτικές οικίες, εργαστηριακούς χώρους, νεκροταφεία, σπήλαια, παρατηρητήρια, λατρευτικές θέσεις, δρόμους, της ανατολικής Κρήτης κυρίως από την Νεολιθική έως και την Ρωμαϊκή περίοδο.
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TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING THROUGH GPS
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The use of accurately defined coordinates of sites is very important in a Geographic Information System, in order to be used for the necessary geometric corrections and transformation of all data in a common reference system.
By the term "coordinates" we mean the geodetic longitude, the angle between a reference plane and a plane passing through the point, both planes being perpendicular to the equatorial plane, and the geodetic latitude, the angle from the equatorial plane to the vertical direction of a line normal to the reference ellipsoid.
The most up-to-date way of plotting and specifying the coordinates of a site, so as its height, is by using a Global Positioning System, usually referred as GPS. In order to provide a global positioning capability, a number of 21 satellites (plus 3 substitutes), evenly spaced in six circular 12-hour orbits inclined 55o to the equator plane, are employed. In any event, the planned constellation will provide a minimum of four satellites in good geometric position, 24 hours per day anywhere on earth. Depending on the selected elevation angle, there can often be more than the minimum number of satellites available, which can reach the number of 10.
The point positioning is performed in a specific way. Let's consider the satellites frozen in space at a given instant. The space coordinates  relative to the centre of the earth of each satellite can be computed from the ephimeris broadcast by the satellite. If the ground receiver, defined by the geocentric position vector  , could employ a clock that was set precisely to the GPS system time, the true distance or range to each satellite could be accurately measured. Thus, we could determine the distance of the receiver from the center of the earth by solving the equation  (fig.1).
Figure 1 Principle of satellite positioning (fig 1.1, p.5, Hofmann-Wellen et al., Global Positioning System : Theory and Practice, N.York 1993)
Modern GPS receivers apply a slightly different technique. They typically use a clock, set approximately to GPS time. Thus an offset from the true GPS time exists, which we can overcome by measuring four distances to four satellites (simultaneously). These distances are called pseudoranges R since they are the true range plus (or minus) a small extra distance  resulting from the receiver clock error or bias δ.
A simple model for the pseudorange is  , with c being the velocity of the light.
The point position can be solved by resection as before except we now need four pseudoranges to solve for the four unknowns (these are the three coordinates latitude, longitude, height and the clock bias). The range error  could be eliminated in advance by taking the difference between the pseudoranges measured from one site to two satellites or two different positions of one satellite.
Thus, one can conclude that the accuracy of the position determined using a single receiver is affected by the following factors :
The number of advantages by GPS positioning is large :
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No visual contact between the observation stations is necessary, in opposition to other topographic methods,
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The coordinates are recorded in a global reference system, independent of local reference datums,
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Measurements do not depend on weather conditions and can be conducted all day long,
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The positioning is done with accuracy and quickness,
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The positioning is three-dimensional.
However there are also some disadvantages:
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The receivers can't be used in subterranean working or under trees, because there is not visual contact with the satellites,
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Usually the results, being in the global reference system, have to be transformed in the local datums,
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The GPS elevations aren't orthometric, which means they aren't measured from the surface of the sea,
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The cost of the receivers is high, for a moderate user,
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Training and experience is required in order to use the receivers.
As mentioned before, the full constellation provides a global coverage, with 4 to 8 satellites for each point position. This is achieved with an almost circular orbit in an approximately 20200km height from the earth surface and a period of 12 hours. Because of their height, we can observe simultaneously a large number of satellites. Usually the satellites are observed in a specific vertical angle over the receiver's antenna, an angle which is referred as a "mask angle" and is usually set in 15o. The reason of using a mask angle is that tropospheric effects on the signal propagation are especially unpredictable for altitudes within the mask region.
The GPS satellites provide a platform for radio receivers, atomic clocks, computers and various ancillary equipments used to operate the system. The electronic equipment of each satellite allows the user to measure a pseudorange R to the satellite and each satellite broadcasts a signal, which allows the user to determine the spatial position  of the satellite for arbitrary instants. The auxiliary equipment of each satellite, among others, consists of two 7m2 solar panels for power supply and a propulsion system that enables orbit adjustments and stability control.
Satellite categories
There are four satellite categories in use and a fifth programmed to develop and operate in the future: Block I, Block II, Block IIΑ, Block IIR, Block ΙΙΙ. The Block I (satellites no.1-11) satellites have been used from 1978 to 1985 and they were expected to have a lifetime of 4,5 years, a period that has been by far exceeded. The first Block II (satellites no.12-21) satellite was launched in 1989 with expected lifetime of 7,5 years. A significant difference between those two categories has to do with U.S.A. security. While the first category provides full access to the civilian users, some signals of the second are restricted. The second category's evolution is Block IIA (satellites no.22-40). A forth category (satellites no.41-60) replaced the second and third around 1995, with predicted lifetime 10 years and with higher accuracy clocks. Finally Block IIΙ (satellites no.61-ff.) satellites are planned to replace the existing ones around the year 2004.
Satellite Signal
The actual carrier broadcast by the satellite is a spread spectrum signal. The key to the system's accuracy is the fact that all signal components are precisely controlled by atomic clocks. For example, the Block II satellites have four on-board time standards, two rubidium and two caesium clocks. The frequency in which the satellites transmit is the fundamental L-band of 10.23MHz. From this fundamental frequency derive two signals, the L1 and L2 carrier waves generated by multiplying the fundamental frequency by 154 and 120, respectively, thus yielding L1 = 1575.42MHz and L2 = 1227.60MHz. The dual frequency are essential for eliminating the major source of error, the ionospheric refraction.
The pseudoranges that are derived from measured travel time of the signal from each satellite to the receiver use two pseudorandom noise codes that are superimposed onto the two base carriers. The first code C/A-code (Coarse/Acquisition - code), which is available for civilian use, is on purpose omitted from the L2 frequency. This omission allows the U.S. government to control the information broadcast by the satellites and thus denies full system accuracy to nonmilitary users.
The second code is the P-code (Precision - code) has been reserved for the U.S. military and other authorized users. The P-code is modulated on both carriers L1 and L2.
In addition to the two codes a data message is modulated onto the carriers comprising satellite ephemeris, ionospheric modeling coefficients, status information, system time and satellite clock bias.
There are basically two methods for denying civilian users the full use of the system: Selective Availability and Anti-Spoofing.
The first method was introduced in 1990. The denial of accuracy has been accomplished by "dithering" the satellite clock frequency in a way that it prevents from accurately measuring instantaneous pseudoranges. This form mainly affects any one-receiver operation, while, when pseudoranges are differenced between two receivers, the dithering effect is largely eliminated.
The second method of accuracy denial is to truncate the transmitted message so that the coordinates of the satellites cannot be accurately computed. This can be done by a "turn off" of the P-code or by invoking an encrypted code (Y-code) denying access to all but authorized users.
Control Segment
The main operational tasks of this segment are the tracking of the satellites for the orbit and clock determination and prediction modeling, time synchronization of the satellites, and upload of the data message to the satellites. This way the proper function of the satellites is ensured.
The master control station is located in Colorado Springs, U.S.A., while five monitors stations are situated in Hawaii, Colorado Springs, Ascension Island (South Atlantic Ocean), Diego Garcia (Indian Ocean) and Kwajalein (North Pacific Ocean). The monitor stations are responsible for information concerning the GPS time and Ephemerides.
User Segment
The users are divided in two categories, military and civilian.
In the military user segment, even from the early days of the system's use, there were plans to incorporate a GPS receiver into virtually every major defense system. Every aircraft, ship, land vehicle, and even groups of infantry would have the appropriate GPS receiver to coordinate their military activities.
In the civilian user segment GPS is used widely, as much in sea and air navigation, as in other applications, like those of airphotogrammetry and every land and geodetic control survey, as well as to archaeology.
Basic components of a GPS receiver
A GPS system consists of 5 principal components: antenna, receiver, processor, input/output device and power supply.
Antenna
Satellite signals are received via the antenna, which provides near hemispherical coverage. The shape of the antenna varies according to the application, for which is used. Thus a careful selection is required in order to have optimum results.
Receiver
Two basic receiver types exist today : (1) those that track both codes (C/A και P-code) and (2) those that only track C/A code. A number of variations exist to the main type, such as codeless receivers in L2 frequency.
Most receivers have multiple channels, whereby each channel tracks the transmission from a single satellite.
Navigation/Receiver Processor
A processor is generally required to control and command the receiver through its operational sequence. In some receivers the processor is embodied, whereas in others is autonomous.
Input/Output Device
This device is the interface between the GPS set and the user. There are two types: internal and external. The device allows the data input and controls the receiver status and the navigation parameters.
Power Supply
It can be either integral, external, or combination of the two. Alkaline or lithium batteries are used for integral use, while batteries or electricity can be used in external power supply.
The types of receivers available at this time are quite a lot. The selection of the set depends on a number of parameters :
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Provided accuracy in positioning,
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Frequencies and codes of recording,
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Capability of storing the recorded data,
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Device dimensions,
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Energy consumption,
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Shock and vibrations resistance,
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Cost,
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Temperature and humidity extremes, etc.
Recording and Mapping Techniques
Until some time ago, recording with a single GPS receiver provided accuracy of about 100m, because it only had the ability to use one frequency. After the recent release of the second frequency, it is estimated that the measurements will have an even better accuracy, even with only one receiver. However some applications demand even subcentimetre accuracy. Thus when referring to such measurements, we talk about measurements of the vector between two (or more) GPS instruments. This observation technique is called differential positioning. It involves placing a continuous tracking receiver at a fixed site of known position and using a second receiver for recording at the sites of interest. Comparing computed pseudoranges with measured pseudoranges we can correct the data from the roving receiver through the data of the fixed site receiver.
There are a number of variations in differential observation :
The observation technique in which both receivers involved remain fixed in position is called static positioning. The static method is the technique used since the early GPS surveys and requires hours of recording. A variation of this technique is the rapid static positioning, in which one receiver remains fixed and records, while the other moves from point to point and records for a limited period of time.
A second technique in which one receiver remains fixed while the second receiver moves is called "kinematic" surveying. It is demonstrated that by this method a subcentimetre vector accuracy could be obtained, with a recording time of a few seconds. Like in the aforementioned technique, one receiver remains fixed while the second moves and records. A variation is the stop and go positioning, in which the first receiver remains fixed and the second records by moving and stopping at specified points for a short period of time.
While all of the above mentioned techniques require processing and corrections after the field work, there is a technique that provides corrections automatically by using transmitters to transmit the corrections of the pseudoranges of the fixed receiver to the roving receiver in order to improve its measurements of the pseudoranges. The technique is called real-time kinematic positioning.
GPS surveying of the archaeological sites of Crete.
Contacting a survey in order to take GPS measurements of archaeological sites, demands careful planning and organization.
At first, a catalogue containing all the sites and important relevant information about their location was created. In addition, the approximate location of the sites was marked on the 1:50000 topographic maps, according to the location stated in the relevant bibliography. It has also to be mentioned that data collected prior to this project by the Laboratory of Geophysical - Satellite Remote Sensing & Archaeo-environment (IMS/FORTH) were also incorporated to the data base.
In every period, a team consisting of at least two trained persons was mobilized. Different GPS sensors were used, including a Trimble receiver, 2 differential Ashtech Z12 Geodetic stations (sub-cm accuracy), a Leica GS20 (sub-m accuracy) and a Thales MobileMapper with ArcPAD (1-3m accuracy) were used. In each case, the sensor type, accuracy and day of mapping was recorded. For the case of Leica GS20, differential corrections were carried out through the available geodetic stations at the internet. In the case of the differential receivers of Ashtech and Trimble, static differential positioning was chosen. In all cases, measurements were conducted for a period of 2-10 minutes in each site.
GPS recording at Chalinomouri with an Ashtech receiver
GPS recording at the Kalamaki quarry with a Trimble receiver
The selection of points to be recorded each time, varied according to the case. Where the archaeological remains were visible, an effort was made to take down the perimeter of the site, by recording a number of points. In cases where topographic plans of the site existed, distinctive points of the plans were recorded and assigned on the plans. In sites without surface relics, a couple of points were recorded in order to define the size of the place. The same was done in caves, where just one point was recorded in their entrance, since the GPS could not record under shelters.
Besides the archaeological sites, a number of ground control points (GCPs) were recorded. The measurements were taken in places, which were visible in the airphotos and satellite images, in order to use them for georeference and for the conversion to the national coordinate system (EGSA'87).
Measurements of the sites were recorded in WGS'84 and they were later transformed to the EGSA'87 coordinate reference system. While the WGS'84 is the reference system used by the GPS units, the EGSA'87 is currently used by the National Cadastre of Greece. After the processing, the coordinates were exported and stored in an Excel file in order to be able to import them in the Geographic Information System and the accompanying database.
GPS recording at Nirou Chani, Herakleion with Leica GS20.
References
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Hoffmann-Wellenhof - Lichtenegger - Collins, GPS : Theory and Practice, second edition, New York 1992.
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Alfred Leick, GPS Satellite Surveying, U.S.A. 1990.
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Elliott D. Kaplan (ed.), Understanding GPS Principles and Applications, Boston 1996.
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Peter H. Dana, Global Positioning System Overview, The Geographer's Craft Project, Department of Geography, The University of Texas at Austin, 1999
στο www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/gps/gps_f.html.
A collection of data concerning the orbit, velocity and geometric position of the satellites.
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ΔΟΡΥΦΟΡΙΚΕΣ ΕΙΚΟΝΕΣ
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Δεδομένου ότι μία τυπική εικόνα του δορυφόρου Landsat καλύπτει περιοχή έκτασης 180km x 180km, χρειάστηκαν δύο (2) συνολικά εικόνες (ανά φασματικό κανάλι) για τη σύνθεση μίας εικόνας (μωσαϊκού) της ευρύτερης περιοχής της Κρήτης. Στον Αρχαιολογικό 'Ατλαντα της Κρήτης χρησιμοποιήθηκαν 2 εικόνες Landsat 7 με ημερομηνία λήψης 6/5/2003 για την κάλυψη της Δυτικής Κρήτης και 10/4/2002 για την κάλυψη της Ανατολικής Κρήτης. Η χωρική ανάλυση των εικόνων είναι 30m ενώ καλύπτουν την ευρύτερη περιοχή του Ορατού (VIS), κοντινού υπέρυθρου (ΝΙR) και θερμικού υπέρυθρου (ΤhIR). Oι συγκεκριμένες εικόνες έχουν νεφοκάλυψη 0%. Στον Αρχαιολογικό 'Ατλαντα της Κρήτης, οι δορυφορικές εικόνες του Landsat χρησιμοποιήθηκαν ως υπόβαθρο για την χαρτογράφηση και την παρουσίαση της κατανομής των αρχαιολογικών θέσεων της Κρήτης.
Με παρόμοιο τρόπο έγινε και η παρουσίαση των αρχαιολογικών θέσεων εντός του δομημένου περιβάλλοντος των αστικών κέντρων των 4 μεγάλων πόλεων της Κρήτης (Χανιά, Ρέθυμνο, Ηράκλειο και 'Αγιος Νικόλαος). Για τις πόλεις αυτές χρησιμοποιήθηκαν εικόνες από τον δορυφόρο Quickbird2 με ανάλυση 1m.
Η γεωαναφορά των εικόνων Quickbird2 των μεγάλων πόλεων της Κρήτης έγινε από το Εργαστήριο Τηλεπισκόπησης του ΕΜΠ στα πλαίσια του προγράμματος EMERIC/CRINNO.
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ΓΕΩΛΟΓΙΚΑ ΣΤΟΙΧΕΙΑ
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Η αποτύπωση των αρχαιολογικών θέσεων της Κρήτης στο γεωλογικό υπόβαθρο περιλαμβάνει την παρουσίαση των εκτεταμένων, πιθανών και ορατών ρηγμάτων, την υδρολιθολογία της περιοχής μελέτης και έναν ενοποιημένο γεωλογικό χάρτη της Κρήτης. Η ταξινόμηση των ρηγμάτων σε βέβαια ενεργά, ενεργά, πιθανά ενεργά, ανενεργά/γεωλογικά, βασίστηκε ανάλογα με την δυνατότητα αυτών να σχετίζονται με σεισμική δραστηριότητα (πρόγραμμα EMERIC). O ενοποιημένος γεωλογικός χάρτης δημιουργήθηκε για να αποφευχθούν προβλήματα ασυνεχειών και μή ταύτισης των γεωλογικών σχηματισμών που υπάρχουν στους χάρτες του ΙΓΜΕ. Οι γενικές κατηγορίες που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν αναφέρονται στον παρακάτω πίνακα.
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ΓΕΩΛΟΓΙΚΟΣ ΣΧΗΜΑΤΙΣΜΟΣ
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ΚΩΔΙΚΟΣ
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ΑΝΘΡΑΚΙΚΑΑΛΛΟΧΘΟΝΩΝΣΕΙΡΩΝ
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K.m
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ΑΝΘΡΑΚΙΚΑΤΕΚΤΟΝΙΚΟΥΚΑΛΥΜΜΑΤΟΣΖΩΝΗΣΠΙΝΔΟΥ
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K-E
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ΑΝΘΡΑΚΙΚΑΤΕΚΤΟΝΙΚΟΥΚΑΛΥΜΜΑΤΟΣΖΩΝΗΣΤΡΙΠΟΛΗΣ
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K.k
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ΑΝΘΡΑΚΙΚΑΤΕΚΤΟΝΙΚΟΥΚΑΛΥΜΜΑΤΟΣΖΩΝΗΣΤΡΥΠΑΛΙΟΥ
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T.br
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ΕΝΟΤΗΤΑΠΛΑΚΩΔΩΝΑΣΒΕΣΤΟΛΙΘΩΝ
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J-E
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ΝΕΟΓΕΝΗ
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Mk
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ΝΕΟΓΕΝΗ
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Mm.I
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ΟΦΙΟΛΙΘΙΚΟΣΥΜΠΛΕΓΜΑΑΛΛΟΧΘΟΝΩΝΣΕΙΡΩΝ
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o
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ΤΕΤΑΡΤΟΓΕΝΗ
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Q.al
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ΦΛΥΣΧΗΣΤΕΚΤΟΝΙΚΟΥΚΑΛΥΜΜΑΤΟΣΖΩΝΗΣΠΙΝΔΟΥ
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fo
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ΦΛΥΣΧΗΣΤΕΚΤΟΝΙΚΟΥΚΑΛΥΜΜΑΤΟΣΖΩΝΗΣΤΡΙΠΟΛΗΣ
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ft
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ΦΛΥΣΧΟΕΙΔΗ - ΣΧΙΣΤΟΛΙΘΙΚΑ ΑΛΛΟΧΘΟΝΩΝ ΣΕΙΡΩΝ
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f
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ΦΥΛΛΙΤΙΚΗ-ΧΑΛΑΖΙΤΙΚΗΣΕΙΡΑ
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Ph-T
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H παραπάνω ταξινόμηση προήλθε από την ενοποίηση των ακόλουθων γεωλογικών σχηματισμών των χαρτών του Ινστιτούτου Γεωλογικών και Μεταλλευτικών Ερευνών (Ι.Γ.Μ.Ε.)
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A_A
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ΚΩΔΙΚΟΣ
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ΓΕΝΙΚΗ ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΙΑ
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ΠΕΡΙΓΡΑΦΗ
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ΧΡΟΝΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ ΠΕΡΙΟΔΟΣ
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1.
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al
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Alluvial
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Alluvial deposits : loose sandy-clayed material, terra rossa with rounded and angular pebbles in small internal basins and eluvial mantle material
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Pleistocene - Holocene
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2.
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al-c
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Alluvial
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Recent littoral deposits with gravels
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Holocene
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3.
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al-c1
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Alluvial
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Recent littoral deposits with gravels
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Holocene
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4.
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al-c2
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Alluvial
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Recent torrential deposits. Pebbles and sand
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Holocene
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5.
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al-d
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Alluvial
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Recent littoral deposits with dunes
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Holocene
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6.
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al-s
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Alluvial
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Recent littoral deposits with sand
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Holocene
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7.
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al-sc
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Alluvial
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Colluvial deposits. Talus and slope fans debris
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Holocene
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8.
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al-θ
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Alluvial
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Recent littoral deposits with dunes
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Holocene
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9.
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Qal2
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Alluvial
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Alluvial deposits : loose loams, clays, sands and gravels.
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Holocene
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10.
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qt2
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Alluvial
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Recents alluvial deposits : marls and clays
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Holocene
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11.
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al
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Alluvial deposits
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Alluvial deposits at the river beds: unconsolidated materials consisting of gravels, sands and silt
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Holocene
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12
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T4.k.sh
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Alternations of limestones
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Alternations of limestones and schists (Kateriana beds)
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Middle?-Upper Carnian
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13.
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Amf
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Amphibolites
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Amphibolite in the phyllitic series
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Permian - Triassic
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14.
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α
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Andesites
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Andesite in the phyllitic series
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Permian or carboniferous
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15.
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ag
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Ankerites
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Ankerite
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Permian - Triassic
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16.
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Js-Ks.hn
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Argillites and schist-cherts
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Argillites and schist-cherts:polychromatic, fine-grained shales and schistose, very thin-bedded clayer marls
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Malm-Albian
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17.
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Jm-s.sh
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Argillites-schists-cherts
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Argillites-schists-cherts:dark-polychromatic, carbonate, quartzose shales occurring locally strongly deformed
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Dogger-Lower Malm?
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18
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J.k
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Bedded limestones
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Bedded limestones: grey-white, medium-bedded, granular and crystallized limestones
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Dogger-Lower Malm?
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19.
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Js-ki.f
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Boeotian flysch
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Boeotian flysch: rhythmic or irregular alternations of multicoloured, thin-bedded limestones,marls pelites and sandstones, with various lithological composition
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Upper Jurassic?Lower Cretaceous?
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20.
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Pli.m,g
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Breccia with gypsum
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Marly breccia of reworked neogene particles with gypsum blocks.
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Lower Pliocene
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21.
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Mm-s.c,m,k
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Breccia-conglomerates
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Breccia-conglomerates,siltstones, marls and limestones: polymict, semi-cohesive, heterometric, semi-cohesive, heterometric, continental, breccia-conglomerates at the basin margins.
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Middle?Upper Miocene
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22.
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Pt.br
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Breccias
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Breccias : composed of light coloured and dark, preneogene limestone componets in a calcareous matrix, passing upwards into polymict conglomerates
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Pleistocene
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23.
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Q.br
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Breccias
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Slope breccias
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Holocene - Pleistocene
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24.
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M4-5
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Breccias and Conglomerates
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Clastic rock formation (Prina complex) : consists of well-bedded breccias, breccio-conglomerates, conglomerates with various fine-grained, occasionally fossiliferous, intermediate beds.
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Up. Serravallian - Low.Tortonian
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25.
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M4-5.br
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Breccias and Conglomerates
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Prina comlex : bedded breccias, breccio-conglomerates and conglomerates
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Up. Serravallian - Low.Tortonian
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26.
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Mm-s
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Breccias and Conglomerates
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Breccias and conglomerate breccias.
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Middle - Upper Miocene
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27.
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Mm-s.br
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Breccias and Conglomerates
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Prof. Ilias formation : breccias and breccia-conglomerates consisting mainly of rubbles and cobbles deriving from dark-neogene limestones with calcitic cementing material.
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Middle - upper Miocene ?
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28.
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Ts-Ji.br
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Breccias and Dolomites
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Breccias and porous dolomites : recrystallized breccias, of black to grey colour, with clastic particles of various size, massive to thick-bedded. In their lower members porous dolomites are intercalated, of red to whitish colour.
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Rhaetian ? - Lias ?
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29.
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Ki-s
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Breccias and Limestones
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Monomict breccias and oolitic limestones ; with fragments of micritic limestones which include dark red siliceous nodules. Downwards they pass into thin-medium-bedded, micritic limestones of reddish colour, with siliceous nodules.
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Dogger ? - Lower Senonian
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30.
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M.br
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Carbonate breccias
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Carbonate breccias: polymict, heterometric, well-cemented with calcite, pseudobedded, or in banks of various dimensions, carbonate breccias with Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary rubbles of Gavrovo-Tripolis zone
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Lower Miocene
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31.
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Jm-Es.k1
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Cherts
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Chert intercalations occuring in the middle and lower members of the "Platy limestones".
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Middle Jurassic - Eocene
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32.
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Jm-Es.k2
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Cherts
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Chert intercalations occuring in the top members of the "Platy limestones".
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Middle Jurassic - Eocene
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33.
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Jo
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Cherts
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Cherts : red-brown seldom dark brown, made up of thin alternating beds of radiolarites and shales with intercalations of red to blue-brown thin bedded limestones.
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Jurassic
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34.
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J-Ki.h,k
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Cherts-Limestones
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Frequent alternations of blue, green, brown, red and black cher-beds.Thin intercalations of clayey-siliceous material locally occur in them,as well as thin-bedded to thick-bedded limestones.
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Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous
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35.
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P-T4.sh
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Clastic metasediments
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Clastic metasediments: polychromatic, thin-bedded or massive metasandstones of various lithological composition and sorting, alternating rhythmically with schistose metapelites and polychromatic usually grey-black, sericitic, quartzose
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Permian?Upper Carnian
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36.
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M4-5.cl
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Clastic rocks
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Prina comlex : clastic rocks
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Up. Serravallian - Low.Tortonian
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37.
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K6-7.fl
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Clastic sediments
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Clastic sediments: of various colour and composition, thin-bedded limestones, marls, pelites, sandstones and polymict, heterometric breccia-conglomerates
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Cenomanian-Turonian
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38.
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K6-7.fl
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Clastic sediments
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Clastic sediments: of various colour and composition, thin-bedded limestones, marls, pelites, sandstones and polymict, heterometric breccia-conglomerates
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Cenomanian-Turonian
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39.
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Ts.fl
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Clastic sediments
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Clastic sediments: grey, greenish, bedded or massive and unsorted sandstones and slightly schistose pelites of the same colour
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Upper Triassic
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40.
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H.cd
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Coastal deposits
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Coastal deposits: sands and gravels
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Holocene
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41.
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M4-5.c
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Conglomerates
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Mythoi formation : conglomerates with sligthly rounded cobbles of red or grey colour.
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Up. Serravallian - Low.Tortonian
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42.
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M4-5.c,m
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Conglomerates
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Males formation : relatively well sorted polymict conglomerates with well rounded elements alternating irregularly with sandstones calyey marls.
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Up. Serravallian - Low.Tortonian
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43.
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M4-5.ol2
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Conglomerates
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Kalamavka formation : conglomerate channel fillings, gravelly siltstones or large olistoliths
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Up. Serravallian - Low.Tortonian
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44.
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Mic
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Conglomerates
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Conglomerates : compact, with pebbles mainly of mesozoic limestoens, hornstones and crystalline rocks (schists, quartzites etc.), cemented by brownish yellow marly material.
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Middle Miocene (Vindobonian)
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45.
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Mi-c1
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Conglomerates
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Offlap's compact conglomerate with lenticular intercalations of sand and marl
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Miocene
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46.
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Mi-c2
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Conglomerates
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Onlap's compact conglomerate
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Miocene
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47.
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Mm.br1
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Conglomerates
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"Topolia conglomerates": rubbles from Tripolis and Pindos zone formations, strongly consolidated with calcitic cement.
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Serravallian
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48.
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Mm.br2
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Conglomerates
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"Lissos beds": cobbles and rubbles preneogene series consolidated with calcitic and marly cement. They occur in the SE part of the sheet.
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Serravallian
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49.
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Pl-c1
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Conglomerates
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Offlap's conglomerate. Pebbles mainly of limestone.
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Pliocene
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50.
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Pl-c2
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Conglomerates
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Conglomerate in the above marl. Pebbles mainly of limestone.
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Pliocene
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51.
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Qdl
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Conglomerates
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Conglomerate : fluvial, consisting of sand and well rounded pebbles, cross-bedded with Clypeaster fragments.
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Pleistocene
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52.
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T.c,st
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Conglomerates and Sandstones
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Conglomerates and sandstones: pebbles of granite, marly schists, limestones.
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Triassic
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53.
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T4-5.qt,ph
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Conglomerates-Phyllites
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"Mana" formation : quartzitic conglomerates of violet color with thin phyllitic intercalations passing to platy quartzites upwards.Platy calc-phyllites prevail in the lower members with thin quartzite layers and an horizon of calcalkalin
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Carnian-Norian
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54.
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al
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Deposits
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|
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55.
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c1-c2
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Deposits
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Terraces, mostly torrential, but sometimes of marine origin. Mainly in the valleys and in the outlets of gorges. The younger(c1) up to 1-2m and the older (c2) up to 4m.
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Quaternary younger
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56.
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c3
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Deposits
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Terraces, mostly torrential, but sometimes of marine origin. Mainly in the valleys and in the outlets of gorges. The older up to 30-40m.
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Quaternary younger
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|
57.
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cd
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Deposits
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Coastal deposits : sand and gravels.
|
Holocene
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|
58.
|
cd,dn
|
Deposits
|
Coastal deposits : sand and gravels.
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Holocene
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|
59.
|
cs
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Deposits
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Talus cones
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Holocene
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|
60.
|
dl-bc
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Deposits
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Slope fan debris consolidated
|
Pleistocene (Diluvium)
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|
61.
|
dl-c1
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Deposits
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Marrine terrace. Elevation 5-10m. Conglomerate
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Pleistocene (Diluvium)
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|
62.
|
dl-c2
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Deposits
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Fluviatil terrace. Elevation 3m Conglomerate. Pebbles mainly limestone
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Pleistocene (Diluvium)
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63.
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dl-c3
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Deposits
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Fluvial terrace. Elevation 20-25m Torrential deposits of boulders, gravels and pebbles, red gray sands and other transported of various composition materials
|
Pleistocene (Diluvium)
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|
64.
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dl-c4
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Deposits
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Red formations of torrential origin consisting of sandy marls, clays, sandstones and conglomerates. They have a considerable thickness and reach up to a height of 350m and more.
|
Quaternary older
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|
65.
|
dl-oe
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Deposits
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Aeolian deposits. Wind - blown sand
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Pleistocene (Diluvium)
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|
66.
|
dl-sc
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Deposits
|
Fluviatil terrace. Elevation 3m Conglomerate. Pebbles mainly limestone
|
Pleistocene (Diluvium)
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67.
|
dl-st
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Deposits
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Marrine terrace. Elevation 5-10m. Sandstone
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Pleistocene (Diluvium)
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|
68.
|
H.cd
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Deposits
|
Sediments of the coastal area : beach sands, marine terraces.
|
Pleistocene - Holocene
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|
69.
|
H.cd,dn
|
Deposits
|
Coastal deposits : sand and gravels.
|
Holocene
|
|
70.
|
H.cs,sc
|
Deposits
|
Talus cones and scree : angular pebbles mainly of carbonate composition and various size, mixed with terra rossa, loose and locally slightly consolidated
|
Holocene
|
|
71.
|
H.l,s
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Deposits
|
Clayey-sandy deposits : with significant proportion of dispersed boulders and gravels, mainly of carbonate composition, terra-rossa with cobbles and rubbles, into small internal basins, and unconsolidated materials cinsisting of clay, sa
|
Holocene
|
|
72.
|
L.Mi
|
Deposits
|
Lacustrine deposits. Marl, clay, etc. Thin strata of Lignite are included.
|
Miocene
|
|
73.
|
L-Pl
|
Deposits
|
Lacustrine deposits. Marl, clay, sand.
|
Pliocene
|
|
74.
|
M.c
|
Deposits
|
Fluvio-terrestrial deposits : slightly consolidated red to red-brown conglomerates deriving from the phyllite-quartzite series.
|
Miocene
|
|
75.
|
M1
|
Deposits
|
Fluvio-terrestrial deposits - Conglomerates, coarse -fine -sandy breccias with intercalations of breccial limestones.
|
Miocene (upper Helvetian)
|
|
76.
|
M3.c
|
Deposits
|
Marine and fluvial deposits : conglomerates, sandstones, sands, marls, clays. In places lignites and limestones.
|
upper Miocene - Tortonian
|
|
77.
|
M3.k
|
Deposits
|
Marine and fluvial deposits : reefal or clastic limestones and sometimes conglomerates.
|
upper Miocene - Tortonian
|
|
78.
|
M4.l,st
|
Deposits
|
Skinias formation : generally well-bedded, dark blue, dark-grey or greenish, marine clays and silty clays, with brownish sandstone interbeds. Boundary with underlying Viannos formation arbitrarily drawn at the base of the lowermost marin
|
Upper Serravallian
|
|
79.
|
M5
|
Deposits
|
Finikia formation : Formations of sea and brackish water deposits. Marls, clays, sands, sandstones, conglomerates.
|
Lower - Middle Pliocene
|
|
80.
|
M5.c
|
Deposits
|
Marine and fluvial deposits : conglomerates, sandstones, sands, marls, clays.
|
Tortonian
|
|
81.
|
M5.c,st,m
|
Deposits
|
Ambelouzos formation : irregular alternations of marine, brackish and fluviatile conglomerates, brownish sands, siltstones and greyish, silty or sandy clays or marls.
|
Tortonian
|
|
82.
|
M5.st,m
|
Deposits
|
Ambelouzos formation : irregular alternations of marine, brackish and fluviatile conglomerates, brownish sands, siltstones and greyish, silty or sandy clays or marls.
|
Tortonian
|
|
83.
|
M6
|
Deposits
|
Ammoudares formation : bio-lithoclastic calcarenites and marls with abundant sponge spicules. In some sites, coarse-grained graben material occur with gravels at the base.
|
Lower Tortonian - Messinian
|
|
84.
|
M6.c
|
Deposits
|
Pantanassa formation : conglomerates, sandstones and sands, clays, lignites and lignites and limestones with mollusks.
|
Tortonian
|
|
85.
|
Mi
|
Deposits
|
Marine formations undivided. Marl, clay, sandstone, conglomerate
|
Miocene
|
|
86.
|
Mm.I
|
Deposits
|
|
|
|
87.
|
M-Pl
|
Deposits
|
Marine formations undivided. Marl, clay, sandstone, conglomerate
|
Pliocene
|
|
88.
|
Ng
|
Deposits
|
Marine and land deposits undivided : clays, limestones and conglomerate and breccial limestones.
|
Neogene
|
|
89.
|
Pl
|
Deposits
|
Marine deposits :upper members : white-grey marls including lamellar clayey-marly layers of grey to brown colour with macrofossils, intermediate members : marls and clayey-marly material of white to grey colour with small concretions,
|
Pliocene - Pleistocene
|
|
90.
|
Pl.Pt
|
Deposits
|
Marine deposites : white-grey marls, clayey-marly layers, macrofossils, clays of white and locally blue colour, marly-psammitic layers with Algae. They locally include limestone blocks of Miocene.
|
Pliocene - Pleistocene
|
|
91.
|
Pli
|
Deposits
|
Marine deposits : white and brownish marls, white marly limestones, sands, conglomerates and platy limestones.
|
Lower Pliocene
|
|
92.
|
Pl-Pt
|
Deposits
|
Marine deposits :upper members : white-grey marls including lamellar clayey-marly layers of grey to brown colour with macrofossils, intermediate members : marls and clayey-marly material of white to grey colour with small concretions,
|
Pliocene - Pleistocene
|
|
93
|
Pl-Pt.c
|
Deposits
|
Ag. Galini formation : predominantly fluviolacustrine, red conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones, silty clays
|
Middle Pliocene - Pleistocene
|
|
94.
|
Pl-Pt.c,s
|
Deposits
|
Ag.Galini formation : mainly fluvial and lacustrine red conglomerates, red and yellowish sands, siltstones and red-yellowish or grey silty clays with some marly limestone beds.
|
Upper Pliocene - Pleistocene ?
|
|
95.
|
Pt.c
|
Deposits
|
Fluvioterrestrial deposits : carbonate and phyllitic rubbles,of various size and lithologic composition, locally conglomerates alternating with sandstones , clays and loams.
|
Pleistocene
|
|
96.
|
Pt.sc
|
Deposits
|
Old scree : usually non mappable terrace remnants, occuring in the torrent beds and slopes of the large gorges. They consist mainly of various sized cobbles and rubbles unconsolidated to very consolidated, with clayey-marly or carbonate
|
Pleistocene
|
|
97.
|
Pt.sc,cs
|
Deposits
|
Old scree and talus cones : consisting of limestone conglomerates, with well-rounded pebbles, relatively cohesive and pseudo-bedded.
|
Pleistocene
|
|
98.
|
Pt.t
|
Deposits
|
Torrent terraces : usually non mappable terrace remnants, occuring in the torrent beds and slopes of the large gorges. They consist mainly of various sized cobbles and rubbles unconsolidated to very consolidated, with clayey-marly or car
|
Pleistocene
|
|
99.
|
Pt.tm
|
Deposits
|
Marine terraces : sandstones and conglomerates.
|
Pleistocene
|
|
100.
|
Pts.tu
|
Deposits
|
Marine terraces : consisting mainly of conglomerates in places with arenaceous marl intercalations.
|
Upper Pleistocene (Tyrrhenian)
|
|
101.
|
Q
|
Deposits
|
Fluvial-lacustrine red conglomerates, sands, siltstones and grey-yellowish clayey beds consisting mainly of reworked materials of the Ag.Galini formation.
|
Pleistocene - Holocene
|
|
102.
|
Q.c
|
Deposits
|
Red conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones and clays : in part residual or resedimented deposits of the Ag.Galini formation
|
Pleistocene - Holocene
|
|
103.
|
Q.cd
|
Deposits
|
Sediments of the coastal area : beach sands, marine terraces.
|
Pleistocene - Holocene
|
|
104.
|
Q.s
|
Deposits
|
Undivided marine terraces and coastal sands.
|
Pleistocene - Holocene
|
|
105.
|
Qal
|
Deposits
|
Recent beach deposits
|
Holocene
|
|
106.
|
Qal1
|
Deposits
|
Talus and scree : recent and older deposits of limestones and quartzite gravels and sands, at places poorly consolidated by sandy loam.
|
Holocene
|
|
107.
|
qf1
|
Deposits
|
Upper fluvial terraces : brown and red sands, reddish fluvial deposits
|
Pleistocene (Diluvium)
|
|
108.
|
qf2
|
Deposits
|
Middle fluvial terraces : pebbles and sands
|
Holocene
|
|
109.
|
qf3
|
Deposits
|
Fluvial deposits : gravels and sands
|
Holocene
|
|
110.
|
qm3
|
Deposits
|
Marine terraces : pebbles and sands
|
Holocene
|
|
111.
|
qm4
|
Deposits
|
Recent beach deposits : pebbles and sands
|
Holocene
|
|
112.
|
qm5
|
Deposits
|
Sediments of the coastal area : beach sands, marine terraces.
|
Holocene
|
|
113.
|
Qsc
|
Deposits
|
Scree and talus cones : deposits of small thickness. Usually loose or loosely connected by sandy loam.
|
Holocene
|
|
114.
|
Qt
|
Deposits
|
Older fluvial terrace : loose deposits of red brownish clays containing a great percentage of sand, granules and pebbles and sometimes boulders, deriving from limestones, hornstones and rarely from flysch sandstones.
|
Pleistocene
|
|
115.
|
qt1
|
Deposits
|
Younger fluvial terrace : gravels and sands. Loose deposits.
|
Holocene
|
|
116.
|
Qtm
|
Deposits
|
Older marine terrace : cohesive conglomerate with fine clay as cementing material.
|
Pleistocene
|
|
117.
|
Qtr
|
Deposits
|
Deposits of terra rossa in karstic hollows
|
Pleistocene
|
|
118
|
r
|
Deposits
|
Patch reefs with Corals, Algae and Hydrozoa present in the lower and middle parts of the Ambelouzos formation
|
Tortonian
|
|
119.
|
sc
|
Deposits
|
Slope debris and fans
|
Quaternary younger
|
|
120.
|
M
|
Deposits (?)
|
Conglomerates, marls, clays, organogenic limestones : they overlie unconformably the alpine formations and they are distinguished lithostratigraphically in three horizons.
|
upper Jurassic - up. Cretaceous
|
|
121.
|
M3
|
Deposits (?)
|
Brackish-lacustrine formations. Alternating layers of sands, marls, clays, conglomerates, as well as sapropels. They include lignite deposits and other plant remains.
|
Miocene - Sarmatian
|
|
122.
|
M6
|
Deposits (?)
|
Conglomerates, marls, clays, organogenic limestones : they overlie unconformably the alpine formations and they are distinguished lithostratigraphically in three horizons.
|
Miocene
|
|
123.
|
Mk
|
Deposits (?)
|
Biogenic limestones, marls, clays and conglomerates
|
Miocene
|
|
124.
|
Ps-Js?
|
Deposits (?)
|
Metasediments and metabasalts : metaradiolarites, black marbles.
|
Up. Permian - Up. Jurassic (?)
|
|
125.
|
δ
|
Diabases
|
Diabase
|
Ingeous rocks
|
|
126.
|
ϊ
|
Diabases
|
Diabase
|
Ingeous rocks
|
|
127.
|
η
|
Diorites
|
Diorite
|
Ingeous rocks
|
|
128.
|
C-Tm.d
|
Dolomites
|
Dolomites
|
Precarboniferous-Middle Triassic
|
|
129.
|
D
|
Dolomites
|
Dolomite
|
Permian or Carboniferous
|
|
130.
|
k?d
|
Dolomites
|
Dolomites: grey-black, thick-bedded, massive, brecciated, locally strongly weathered and karstic
|
Turonian
|
|
131.
|
TR.o-D
|
Dolomites
|
|
|
|
132.
|
Ts-Ji.d
|
Dolomites
|
Dolomites: white, grey, reddish, recrystallized, massive, partly thick-bedded and locally brecciated
|
Turonian
|
|
133.
|
Tm-s.d
|
Dolomites-limestones
|
Dolomites-limestones: consisting at their base of red-coloured, fine grained, platy, recrystallized limestones, passing to grey-white, grey-black, massive brecciated and recrystallized limestones and dolomitic limestones
|
Middle Triassic?Norian
|
|
134.
|
dn
|
Dunes
|
sand dunes
|
Holocene
|
|
135.
|
ϋ
|
Dunes
|
sand dunes
|
Holocene
|
|
136.
|
Es-Ol.sch
|
Flysch
|
Transition beds towards the fllysch
|
Upper Eocene?-Lower Oligocene
|
|
137.
|
f?
|
Flysch
|
Flysch
|
Upper Jurassic
|
|
138.
|
fi
|
Flysch
|
Flysch of Tripolitza subzone. Shale, sandstone, conglomerate with lenticular intercalations of breccia texture limestone. Sometimes eruptive bodies are included.
|
Eocene - Oligocene
|
|
139.
|
fm
|
Flysch
|
Flysch melange
|
Pre-middle Miocene
|
|
140.
|
fm
|
Flysch
|
Flysch melange
|
Pre-middle Miocene
|
|
141.
|
fm
|
Flysch
|
Flysch melange
|
Pre-middle Miocene
|
|
142.
|
fm
|
Flysch
|
Flysch melange
|
Pre-middle Miocene
|
|
143.
|
fm
|
Flysch
|
Flysch melange
|
Pre-middle Miocene
|
|
144.
|
fm
|
Flysch
|
Flysch melange
|
Pre-middle Miocene
|
|
145.
|
fm
|
Flysch
|
Flysch melange
|
Pre-middle Miocene
|
|
146.
|
fo
|
Flysch
|
Flysch : psammito-peletic, folded, locally rich in olistoliths from limestones, radiolarites and basic, metamorphic rocks or not. Maximum thickness : 100m approximately.
|
Lower (?)-Middle-Upper Eocene
|
|
147.
|
fo1
|
Flysch
|
"First Flysch" : sandstones and psammitic limestones with fragments fo basic rocks. Maximum thickness : 50m approximately
|
Cenomanian - Turonian
|
|
148.
|
ft
|
Flysch
|
Flysch of Tripolitza subzone. Shale, sandstone, conglomerate with lenticular intercalations of breccia texture limestone. Sometimes eruptive bodies are included.
|
Eocene - Oligocene
|
|
149.
|
Js.f
|
Flysch
|
Flysch : sandstone blocks, breccial limestones.
|
upper Jurassic
|
|
150.
|
Js.fl
|
Flysch
|
Flysch series with limestone beds
|
Jurassic
|
|
151.
|
Js.fl2
|
Flysch
|
Metaflysch and ophiolithic olistroms.
|
Jurassic
|
|
152.
|
Js-ki.fl2
|
Flysch
|
Metaflysch and ophiolithic olistroms.
|
Jurassic
|
|
153.
|
K.fl
|
Flysch
|
"First Flysch" : thin alternating beds of red marls, cherts, marly limestones and clayey-marly schists.Locally green and red coarse-grained sandstones, alternating with microclastic limestones.
|
Cretaceous
|
|
154.
|
K7-8.fo
|
Flysch
|
First flysch : pelites grey to dark-green, coarse-grained, slightly metamorphic and sandstones broken into pieces. Olistoliths and small ophiolithic blocks occur.
|
Dogger ? - Lower Senonian
|
|
155.
|
gn
|
Gneiss
|
Gneiss
|
Up. Jurassic-Low. Cretaceous
|
|
156.
|
γ
|
Granites
|
Granite
|
Igneous rocks
|
|
157.
|
γ-η
|
Granites - Diorites
|
granite - diorite undivided
|
Igneous rocks
|
|
158.
|
bs
|
Greenrocks
|
Greenrocks : they consist of prasinites, glaucophane-prasinites and epidotites. Their texture is microcrystallo-lepidoblastic and their structure compact, parallely orientated, slightly schistose, strongly microfolded and slightly fractu
|
Mesozoic
|
|
159.
|
G
|
Gypsum
|
Gypsum-anhydrite deposits in the lower part of the phyllitic series
|
Permian - Triassic
|
|
160.
|
gy
|
Gypsum
|
Gypsum-anhydrite deposits in the lower part of the phyllitic series
|
Permian or Carboniferous
|
|
161.
|
M5-6.g
|
Gypsum
|
Gypsum or gypsum conglomerates
|
Upper Tortonian - Messinian
|
|
162.
|
R
|
Gypsum
|
Residue of undissolved gypsum materials
|
Permian - Triassic
|
|
163.
|
Fe
|
Iron ores
|
Iron ores - limonite
|
Triassic
|
|
164.
|
landslides
|
landslides
|
landslides
|
Holocene
|
|
165.
|
ls
|
Landslides
|
Rock falls and landslides
|
Holocene
|
|
166.
|
CP-k
|
Limestones
|
Average bedded, usually bluish crysalline limestone with flaggy intercalations or nodules of very fine grained chert.
|
Permian or carboniferous
|
|
167.
|
E.k
|
Limestones
|
dark grey, neritic, dolomitized limestones : bioclastic limestones of neritic facies, medium to thick-beddedof compact structure, black, grey to light-beige in colour.
|
Ypresian - Lower Priabonian
|
|
168.
|
e-D
|
Limestones
|
White dense limestone (Mangassa limestone). Lutenian. In the lower strata they become dolomitic ot they fall into typical, dense dolomite
|
Eocene
|
|
169.
|
e-k
|
Limestones
|
Grey, dark-gray or black, limestone with bituminous odour when crushed.
|
Eocene
|
|
170.
|
e-k1
|
Limestones
|
Gray or black limestone with a bitoumenous odour when crushed. In some places they include nodules of chert.
|
Eocene
|
|
171.
|
e-k2
|
Limestones
|
White dense limestone (Mangassa limestone).
|
Eocene
|
|
172.
|
H.sc,cs
|
Limestones
|
Scree and talus cones : consisting of limestone particles of various size, unconsolidated to slightly consolidated.
|
Holocene
|
|
173.
|
J.k
|
Limestones
|
Oolithic limestones and red limestones with radiolarites.
|
Jurassic
|
|
174.
|
Ji-Mk
|
Limestones
|
Limestones:grey-medium-bedded to massive and partly brecciated limestones, passing locally in their upper members to grey-black, thick-bedded, massive weathered and karstic dolomites. Fossils
|
Lias-Dogger
|
|
175.
|
J-k
|
Limestones
|
Blueblack to grayblack, dense thick-bedded limestone
|
Jurassic
|
|
176.
|
Jm-E.k
|
Limestones
|
"Platy limestones" : crystalline limestones and locally marbles, medium-crystalline, grey to black-grey, well-bedded in banks.
|
Middle Jurassic - Eocene
|
|
177.
|
Jm-E.ph
|
Limestones
|
"Platy limestones" : crystalline limestones and locally marbles, medium-crystalline, grey to black-grey, well-bedded in banks. In the the S.SE part of the sheet they pass upwards into green-yellow calcareous phyllites.
|
Middle Jurassic - Eocene
|
|
178.
|
Jm-E?k
|
Limestones
|
Limestone with cherts : dark-grey to whitish, medium-thick-bedded, recrystallized, in places slightly dolomitized and intensely folded. Locally, thin phyllite layers occur.
|
Dogger - Middle Eocene
|
|
179.
|
Jm-EMk
|
Limestones
|
Limestone with cherts : dark-grey to whitish, medium-thick-bedded, recrystallized, in places slightly dolomitized and intensely folded. Locally, thin phyllite layers occur.
|
Dogger - Middle Eocene
|
|
180.
|
Jm-Es.ph
|
Limestones
|
"Platy limestones" : crystalline limestones and locally marbles, medium to corse crystalline, grey to black-grey, well-beddd in banks, a few cm up to 1m thick.
|
Middle Jurassic - Eocene
|
|
181.
|
Js.k
|
Limestones
|
Dark-coloured breccial limestones
|
upper Jurassic
|
|
182.
|
Js.ki.k
|
Limestones
|
Breccial limestones with Pseudocyclammina
|
Upp. Jurassic - Low. Cretaceous
|
|
183.
|
Js-Es.k
|
Limestones
|
Platy limestones
|
Lower Cretaceous - Upper Eocene
|
|
184.
|
Js-k
|
Limestones
|
Dark-coloured breccial limestones
|
Upper Jurassic
|
|
185.
|
k
|
Limestones
|
metamorphic brecciated limestones
|
Mesozoic ?
|
|
186.
|
K.k
|
Limestones
|
Limestones : grey to black-grey, medium to thick-bedded to massive, bituminous, with rich neritic fauna. Maximum thickness : 300m approximately.
|
Cretaceous
|
|
187.
|
K?.k
|
Limestones
|
Limestones : grey, massive, locally recrystallized, dolomitized and ankeritized, of probable cretaceous age.
|
Cretaceous
|
|
188.
|
k1
|
Limestones
|
Flaggy limestones
|
Permian - Triassic
|
|
189.
|
K5-8.k
|
Limestones
|
Limestone series : crystalline limestones, of white colour, thin-bedded, with intermediate reddish beddings due to the presence of iron oxides, bioclastic and brecciated limestones with black silex and angular fragments of quartz, muscov
|
upp. Albian - Upp. Maastrichtian
|
|
190.
|
K6
|
Limestones
|
Limestones : red and white-greenish, laying under "first flysch" layers.
|
Up.Cretaceous-Cenomanian
|
|
191.
|
K6-7
|
Limestones
|
Limestones, cherts and "first flysch" : small occurance in the NW part of the sheet, not exceeding the 20m in thickness approximately.
|
Cenomanian - Turonian
|
|
192.
|
K7-8.k
|
Limestones
|
Limestones : whiteyellowish to white, sometimes breccial, laying over "first flysch" layers.
|
Up.Cretaceous - Cenomanian
|
|
193.
|
K8.k
|
Limestones
|
Limestones: polychromatic,platy, compact with silex lenses and dense net of calcite veins, strongly tectonized and multifolded
|
Senonian
|
|
194.
|
K8-9.k
|
Limestones
|
Clastic-bioclastic limestones : dark-coloured to grey, medium-to thick-bedded and locally massive, often passing to dolomitized limestones (deposits of clastic and bioclastic material in shallow sea).
|
Senonian - Maastrichtian
|
|
195.
|
K8-Ei.k
|
Limestones
|
Platy limestones
|
Up. Senonian - Paleocene
|
|
196.
|
K8-EMk
|
Limestones
|
Limestones:grey-medium-bedded to massive and partly brecciated limestones, passing locally in their upper members to grey-black, thick-bedded, massive weathered and karstic dolomites. Fossils
|
Upper Eocene - Oligocene
|
|
197.
|
K9.k
|
Limestones
|
Limestones : thin-medium bedded, white-grey to rose-grey, micritic, developing into microbrecciated, folded and tectonized. Maximum thickness : 250m approximately
|
Maastrichtian
|
|
198.
|
K9-Ei.k
|
Limestones
|
Platy limestones
|
Up. Senonian - Paleocene
|
|
199.
|
K-E.k
|
Limestones
|
Limestones : grey to black-grey, thick-bedded to massive, bituminous, in the upper members slightly dolomitic and locally microbrecciated with rich neritic fauna. Maximum thickness : 300m approximately.
|
Cretaceous - middle-upper Eocene
|
|
200.
|
K-EMk
|
Limestones
|
Limestones : grey to grey-black, medium-thick-bedded to massive, bituminous, locally dolomized, microbrecciated, in the upper members with rich neritic fauna.
|
Cretaceous - middle Eocene
|
|
201.
|
Kg-Pc.k
|
Limestones
|
Limestones : grey to grey-black, medium-thick-bedded to massive, bituminous, locally dolomized, microbrecciated, in the upper members with rich neritic fauna.
|
Upper Cretaceous - Paleocene
|
|
202.
|
Kr.o-k
|
Limestones
|
Dark-gray to black, rarely gray, thickly bedded limestone.
|
upper Cretaceous
|
|
203.
|
Kr.o-k1
|
Limestones
|
Coarse grained white limestone because of contact metamorphism by plutonic intrusions
|
Upper Cretaceous
|
|
204.
|
Ks
|
Limestones
|
Limestones : white grey to bluish-grey, compact, karstified, containing Rudits
|
Upper Cretaceous
|
|
205.
|
Ks.k
|
Limestones
|
Limestones : grey-black, medium-thick-bedded, bituminous and dolomitic limestones. (Clastic-biomicritic limestones)
|
Upper Cretaceous
|
|
206.
|
Ks-E.k
|
Limestones
|
Limestones : on the SW part of the sheet, thin to medium-bedded, white-grey to pink-grey, micritic, in the upper members microbrecciated, folded and tectonized.
|
Upper Cretaceous - Lower Eocene
|
|
207.
|
Ks-Ei.k
|
Limestones
|
Platy limestones : microbrecciated limestones, biomicritic limestones, pelagic bioclastic and biomicritic limestones, biomicrosparitic, recrystallized limestones
|
M.?-Up. Senonian - L.Eocene
|
|
208.
|
Ks-k
|
Limestones
|
Limestones : grey-black, medium-thick-bedded, bituminous and dolomitic limestones. (Clastic-biomicritic limestones)
|
Upper Cretaceous
|
|
209.
|
M1-k
|
Limestones
|
Limestones of breccial texture
|
Miocene (upper Helvetian)
|
|
210.
|
M4.k
|
Limestones
|
Ag. Varvara formation : bioclastic, partly breccious or conglomeratic limestones and reefal limestones
|
Uppermost Tortonian - Messinian
|
|
211.
|
M4-5.k
|
Limestones
|
"Parathyri" member of the Males formation : beds of stromatolithic limestones with Algae.
|
Up. Serravallian - Low.Tortonian
|
|
212.
|
M4-5.ol1
|
Limestones
|
Prina complex : dark-coloured pre-neogene limestones of the Tripolis zone and brecciated limestones
|
Up. Serravalian - Low.Tortonian
|
|
213.
|
M5-6.k
|
Limestones
|
Ag. Varvara formation : bioclastic, partly breccious or conglomeratic limestones and reefal limestones
|
Uppermost Tortonian - Messinian
|
|
214.
|
M6.k
|
Limestones
|
Limestones : reefal, clastic, in places conglomerate or breccial.
|
Messinian
|
|
215.
|
M7.k
|
Limestones
|
Pantanassa formation : conglomerates, sandstones and sands, clays, lignites and lignites and limestones with mollusks.
|
Upper Miocene - Messinian
|
|
216.
|
Mi-bk
|
Limestones
|
Limestone of breccia texture
|
Miocene
|
|
217.
|
Mi-ck
|
Limestones
|
White dense or crystalline coral limestone
|
Miocene
|
|
218.
|
Mik
|
Limestones
|
Marly limestones : compact white-yellow to white grey, including sea fossils.
|
Miocene
|
|
219.
|
Mi-m
|
Limestones
|
Marly limestones : compact, brownish to yellowish.
|
Miocene (Vindobonian)
|
|
220.
|
Mi-mk
|
Limestones
|
Marly limestones : compact, brownish to yellowish.
|
Miocene (Vindobonian)
|
|
221.
|
mk
|
Limestones
|
Limestones : light-coloured dolomitic limestones.
|
Mesozoic (????)
|
|
222.
|
Mm
|
Limestones
|
Limestones (marbles) : marbles, phyllites, dolomites, quartzites and conglomerates in alternating layers.
|
Mesozoic (????)
|
|
223.
|
Mu
|
Limestones
|
Limestones : white-grey to bluish, microcrystalline. Generally of mesozoic age, and in most cases jurassic (?)
|
Mesozoic
|
|
224.
|
Mz-Te.k
|
Limestones
|
Platy limestones : black crystallized with layers of white silex.
|
Mesozoic
|
|
225.
|
PC
|
Limestones
|
Platy limestones
|
Permian or Carboniferous
|
|
226.
|
Pc.Em,k
|
Limestones
|
Limestones : grey-black, medium-thick-bedded, with rich neritic fauna, locally dolomitic.
|
Paleocene - middle Eocene
|
|
227.
|
Pc.EMk
|
Limestones
|
Limestones : grey-black, medium-thick-bedded, with rich neritic fauna, locally dolomitic.
|
Paleocene - Middle Eocene
|
|
228.
|
Pc-E3.k
|
Limestones
|
Black limestones with rich neritic fauna
|
Paleocene - Middle Eocene
|
|
229.
|
Pc-EMk
|
Limestones
|
Limestones : grey-black, medium-thick-bedded, with rich neritic fauna, locally dolomitic.
|
Paleocene - middle Eocene
|
|
230.
|
Pc-Es.k
|
Limestones
|
Limestones : recrystallized, grey-black, medium-thick-bedded, locally dolomitic, in the upper members microbreccious, with rich neritic fauna. Maximum thickness : 200m approximately.
|
Paleocene-Base of Upper Eocene
|
|
231.
|
PCk
|
Limestones
|
Platy crystalline limestones : light grey to dark grey with thin phyllitic intercalations. Usually they are thin platy to thin bedded with nodules or thin layers of cherts, becoming sometimes, especially to their upper horizons, thick be
|
Permian or Carboniferous
|
|
232.
|
Pt.k
|
Limestones
|
Bioclastic limestones : whitish, massive, "grain packstones", consisting mainly of Foraminifera and Algae.
|
Tyrrhenian
|
|
233.
|
Pts.k
|
Limestones
|
Bioclastic limestones : whitish, massive, including mainly Foraminifera, Mollusks and Bryzoans. Locally they overlie pre-neogene rocks with angular uncorfomity.
|
Upper Pleistocene (Tyrrhenian)
|
|
234.
|
Pz-Mzk
|
Limestones
|
Limestones : compact, crystalline, white to white-brown, at places blackish, blue-brown, thin-plated, sometimes dolomitic or at places dolomites of the autochthonous system of Crete island, of undetermined age, Paleozoic or Mesozoic.
|
Paleozoic - Mesozoic (?)
|
|
235.
|
T.k1
|
Limestones
|
Lentas limestones : black or grey very crystallized, with some silex.
|
Triassic
|
|
236.
|
T.k2
|
Limestones
|
Micritic limestones
|
Triassic
|
|
237.
|
Tk-t
|
Limestones
|
Limestones of the Tripolis zones
|
Upper Cretaceous
|
|
238.
|
tmmk
|
Limestones
|
Grey to white coral limestones.
|
Upper Miocene
|
|
239.
|
tpk
|
Limestones
|
Limestones (Platanias formations) : reefal and in some parts marl limestones.
|
Pliocene
|
|
240.
|
TR-Kk
|
Limestones
|
Limestones : compact, ehite-grey to bluish, microcrystalline to aphanitic usually with rudist fragments, sometimes breccias, at places dolomitized, strongly karstified. They may include lower members of jurassic to triassic age, not prov
|
Triassic (?) - Cretaceous
|
|
241.
|
Ts.k
|
Limestones
|
Reddish limestones with jaspers
|
Up.Triassic - Low.Jurassic
|
|
242.
|
Ts-Ji.k
|
Limestones
|
Recrystallized limestones to marbles : reddish, with jaspers, in thin banks with more or less red marl layers. Limestones, reddish or black with Halobies. Sandstones occur occasionally in thin banks, at the base of the formation.
|
Upper Triassic - Lower Jurassic
|
|
243.
|
Ts-k
|
Limestones
|
Reddish limestones with jaspers
|
Up. Triassic - Low. Jurassic
|
|
244.
|
Ttr-j
|
Limestones
|
Limestones
|
Triassic - Jurassic
|
|
245.
|
Tk-t
|
Limestones - Phyllites
|
Limestones and phyllites
|
Triassic
|
|
246.
|
Ts-ph
|
Limestones - Phyllites
|
Limestones and phyllites
|
Triassic
|
|
247
|
E.k
|
Limestones and Dolomites
|
Black-grey limestones and dolomites
|
Paleocene - Priambonian
|
|
248.
|
J12.k,d
|
Limestones and Dolomites
|
Limestones and dolomites : light-grey to grey-black.
|
Upper Jurassic
|
|
249.
|
J-Ki.k,d
|
Limestones and Dolomites
|
Limestones and dolomites : light-grey to grey-black, medium-bedded to massive, karstic limestones. The dolomization decreases from base to top.
|
Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous
|
|
250.
|
Js-Ki.k,d
|
Limestones and Dolomites
|
Limestones and dolomites : dark-grey to grey, usually micritic, medium to thick-bedded. They pass upwards to cohesive breccias. Bedded dolomites of white colour occur locally in the limestones. Tectonic breccias of small thickness are fo
|
Upp. Jurassic - Low. Cretaceous
|
|
251.
|
Js-Ks.k
|
Limestones and Dolomites
|
Limestones and dolomites :dolomitized limestones of black-grey colour, medium-bedded, white to grey at their base, recrystallized and dolomitized, in places oolithic, in form of bands.
|
upper Jurassic - up. Cretaceous
|
|
252.
|
K.k,d
|
Limestones and Dolomites
|
Dolomites and dolomitic grey to black-grey limestones
|
Cretaceous
|
|
253.
|
k-D
|
Limestones and Dolomites
|
Dolomites and limestones
|
Triassic
|
|
254.
|
Kr.o-D
|
Limestones and Dolomites
|
Dark-gray to black, rarely gray, thickly bedded limestone. Sometimes they alternate with gray or dark gray dolomite
|
Upper Cretaceous
|
|
255.
|
Pc-E3-k,d
|
Limestones and Dolomites
|
Black-grey limestones and dolomites
|
Paleocene - Priambonian
|
|
256.
|
PC-k
|
Limestones and Dolomites
|
Dolomites and dolomitic limestones : of shallow sea. Their colour is white, white-grey, blue, locally dark coloured.
|
Middle Triassic - Lower Jurassic
|
|
257.
|
T.EMk,d
|
Limestones and Dolomites
|
Carbonate layers : limestones and dolomites.
|
Triassic (?) - Middle Eocene
|
|
258.
|
T6-Js.k,d
|
Limestones and Dolomites
|
Limestones and dolomites
|
upper Triassic - Upper Jurassic
|
|
259.
|
T-EMk,d
|
Limestones and Dolomites
|
Carbonate undivided layers : limestones and dolomites.
|
Triassic - Middle Eocene (?)
|
|
260.
|
Tk-D
|
Limestones and Dolomites
|
Limestones - Dolomites : dark-grey to black, sometimes white-grey, unbedded to thick bedded or well bedded. At some places they look like the platy crystalline ones, but without cherts. The dark coloured parts of the series are bituminou
|
Triassic
|
|
261.
|
Tm-s.d,k
|
Limestones and Dolomites
|
Dolomites, dolomitic limestones, limestones : grey to white thick-bedded to unbedded, they develop upgrades to dolomitic limestones locally brecciated.
|
Middle - Upper Triassic
|
|
262.
|
Ts.br
|
Limestones and Dolomites
|
Breccial limestones and dolomites
|
Upper Jurassic - Upper Eocene
|
|
263.
|
Ts-Ji.d
|
Limestones and Dolomites
|
Crystallized limestones and dolomites
|
Upper Triassic - Lias ?
|
|
264.
|
Ts-Ji.d,k
|
Limestones and Dolomites
|
Dolomites and dolomitic limestones : neritic recrystallized, undergone intense faulting tectonism. White to whitishwith cohesive breccias, they pass into black and grey limestones to dolomitic limestones.
|
Rhaetian - Lias
|
|
265.
|
Ts-Ji.d,kd
|
Limestones and Dolomites
|
Dolomites and dolomitic limestones : neritic recrystallized, undergone intense faulting tectonism. White to whitishwith cohesive breccias, they pass into black and grey limestones to dolomitic limestones.
|
Rhaetian - Lias
|
|
266.
|
Ts-Ji.mr,d
|
Limestones and Dolomites
|
Crystallized limestones to marbles, dolomites, dolomitic stones, rauhwackes and carbonate breccia-conglomerates : cellural dolomites with dolomitic powder, filling the cells, prevail in the lower members.
|
Upper Triassic - Lias
|
|
267.
|
Ts-JMk,d
|
Limestones and Dolomites
|
Dolomitized limestones - dolomites : intensely tectonized, locally broken into pieces, slightly folded, cavernous with goethite and bituminous.
|
Upper Triassic - Middle Jurassic
|
|
268.
|
Ts-Js.k,d
|
Limestones and Dolomites
|
Limestones, dolomitic limestones and dolomites : they constitute the base of the external zones tectonic nappe and lie usually on the phyllite-quartzite series. Lower members : semi-crystalline dolomites. Upper members : limestones and d
|
Upper Triassic
|
|
269.
|
Ts-k-D
|
Limestones and Dolomites
|
Massive limestones and dolomites, often of cellural texture, intercalating also phyllites.
|
Triassic
|
|
270.
|
Js-Es.k
|
Limestones with silex
|
Limestones with silex:dark-polychromatic, recrystallized, thin-medium-bedded and strongly folded limestones with silex
|
Upper Jurassic?-Upper Eocene
|
|
271.
|
Js-K6.k,d
|
Limestones-dolomites
|
Limestones-dolomites:The limestones are grey medium-thick bedded, massive karstic and locally brecciated.The dolomites are grey-black, thick-bedded, locally brecciated and karstic. They overlie transgressively the underlying dolomites
|
Lower?Malm-Cenomanian
|
|
272.
|
Ts.k,d
|
Limestones-Dolomites
|
Recrystallized limestones and dolomites : carbonate series of neritic sedimentation, strongly dolomitized in its lower members.
|
Upper Triassic
|
|
273.
|
Ts-Js.d,kd
|
Limestones-Dolomites
|
Dolomites, dolomitic limestones, limestones : grey to white thick-bedded to unbedded, they develop upgrades to dolomitic limestones locally brecciated.
|
Upper Triassic-Upper Jurassic
|
|
274.
|
Ts-ph
|
Limestones-Phyllites
|
Limestones and Phyllites
|
Middle Ladinian-Lower Carnian
|
|
275.
|
K9.k,st
|
Limestones-Sandstones
|
Transition beds : platy limestones alternating with sandstones and shales.They costitute the transition of uppercretaceous limestones to flysch.
|
Maastrichtian
|
|
276.
|
Ts.sch,k
|
Limestones-Schists-Quartzites
|
Variegated formation of schists, recrystallized limestones and quartzites. Locally intercalations occur of red-violet sericitic-calcitic plyllites.
|
Upper Triassic
|
|
277.
|
C-Tm.mr
|
Marbles
|
intercalations of marbles
|
Precarboniferous-Middle Triassic
|
|
278.
|
mr
|
Marbles
|
Marbles
|
Pre-middle miocene
|
|
279.
|
mr1
|
Marbles
|
Marbles
|
Pre-middle miocene
|
|
280.
|
mr2
|
Marbles
|
Marbles
|
Upper Triassic
|
|
281.
|
Mz.mr
|
Marbles
|
Coarse-crystalline marbles
|
Middle Jurassic - Eocene
|
|
282.
|
P-Ts.mr
|
Marbles
|
Vassilikos marbles : medium bedded and locally massive, grey to grey-white, medium-coarse-crystalline, shlightly dolomitized.
|
Permian - Upper Triassic
|
|
283.
|
T4-5.mr
|
Marbles
|
"Mana" formation : the middle members of the formation consisting of marbles compact, coarse-crystalline, white-grey. They occur related to gypsum.
|
Carnian-Norian
|
|
284.
|
M2
|
Marls
|
Marls, blue, greygreen whiteyellow, yellow, subwhite and marly limestones.
|
Tortonian
|
|
285.
|
M4.m
|
Marls
|
Marls
|
Upper Miocene - Messinian
|
|
286.
|
M4-5.m,k
|
Marls
|
Marly beds in the Clastic rock formation (Prina complex)
|
up. Serravallian - Low.Tortonian
|
|
287.
|
M6
|
Marls
|
White or yellowish marls of sandy texture.
|
Pliocene
|
|
288.
|
M6.m
|
Marls
|
Marls
|
Messinian
|
|
289.
|
Mim
|
Marls
|
Marls : yellow brown to white-yellow, often alternating with beds of marly sandstone and platy marly limestones, including fossils of sea molusks.
|
Miocene
|
|
290.
|
Mi-m
|
Marls
|
Marls : yellow brown to white-yellow, often alternating with beds of marly sandstone and platy marly limestones, including fossils of sea molusks.
|
Miocene
|
|
291.
|
Pl.m
|
Marls
|
Marls : mainly soft and less hard, yellow-whitish, with intercalations of clays and sands.
|
Pliocene
|
|
292.
|
Pli.m
|
Marls
|
Myrtos - Finikia formation : homogeneous and foliated fossiliferous marls
|
Lower Pliocene
|
|
293
|
Pl-m
|
Marls
|
White marls (of Koufonissi)
|
Pliocene
|
|
294.
|
Pl-ms
|
Marls
|
White or yellowish marls of sandy texture.
|
Pliocene
|
|
295.
|
tmm
|
Marls
|
Marls : grey to grey-green marls.
|
Upper Miocene
|
|
296.
|
tpm
|
Marls
|
Marls (Platanias formations) : brownwhitish soft marls with beds of limestone.
|
Pliocene
|
|
297.
|
tmc
|
Marls - Limestones
|
Marls and platy limestones : brown to greenish marls with beds of platy marl limestones.
|
Upper Miocene
|
|
298.
|
Mi-m
|
Marls and Conglomerates
|
White or gray marl, sometimes containing lenticular conglomerate intercalations
|
Miocene
|
|
299.
|
M5
|
Marls and Sands
|
Makrylia formation : alternations of fossiliferous marls and graded turbidite sands poorly lithified.
|
Lower Tortonian
|
|
300.
|
M4-5.m,st
|
Marls and Sandstones
|
Kalamavka formation : alternations of marls and calcitic sandstones
|
up. Serravallian - Low.Tortonian
|
|
301.
|
M5
|
Marls and Sandstones
|
"Makrila formation" : alterations of fossiliferous marls and graded sandstones.
|
Lower Tortonian - Messinian
|
|
302.
|
Pl-Pt
|
Marls, clays, siltstones
|
Marls, clays, siltstones, sands and breccio-conglomerates: white, brownish, medium -or thin-bedded marls, grey foliated or massive clays and siltstones
|
Plio-Pleistocene
|
|
303.
|
M2-3
|
Marls-Marly limestones
|
Brackish-lacustrine formations and marls and marly limestones unseparated.
|
Sarmatian - Tortonian
|
|
304.
|
M5-6.m
|
Marls-Marly limestones
|
Calcitic marls or marly limestones occasionally in local unconformity with the underlying formation.
|
Upper Tortonian - Messinian
|
|
305.
|
Mm-s.m,k
|
Marls-Marly limestones
|
Marls, marly limestones : deposits of fresh, mainly, brakish waters lying unconformably on preneogene formations. The lower members consist of white-grey clastic, usually biogenic, mainly limestones, well-bedded on banks. Lignite horizon
|
Middle - Upper Miocene
|
|
306.
|
Pl-mk
|
Marls-Marly limestones
|
Marls - marly limestones : thin to medium-bedded, white-yellow, homogeneous with locally travertinoid structure.
|
Pliocene
|
|
307.
|
tmg
|
Marls-Marly limestones
|
Galatas formation : brown to greenish marls with beds of marl limestones.
|
Upper Miocene
|
|
308.
|
P-T?.ph
|
Metamorphic rocks
|
Rock unit of low metamorphism : overtrrust together with the tectonically overlying Tripolis series. In this unit are attributed the plyllites, quartzites and shales, intercalated within the "platy limestones".
|
Cretaceous
|
|
309.
|
P-Ts.ph
|
Metamorphic rocks
|
Rock unit of low metamorphism : overtrrust together with the tectonically overlying Tripolis series. In this unit are attributed the plyllites, quartzites and seritic schists, intercalated within the "platy limestones".
|
Permian - Triassic
|
|
310.
|
C-Tm.sh
|
Metamorphic series
|
Metamorphic, volcano-sedimentary series
|
Precarboniferous-Middle Triassic
|
|
311.
|
C-ph-D-k
|
Mixed
|
Dolomites, limestones, quartz sandstones and shales
|
Carboniferous
|
|
312.
|
J-k8
|
Mixed
|
Limestones, radiolarites and "first flysch"
|
Turonian - Senonian
|
|
313.
|
K8
|
Mixed
|
Marly limestones, sandstones and conglomerates.
|
Upper Senonian
|
|
314.
|
K8-9
|
Mixed
|
Pelites and red marly limestones containing angular block of diabases.
|
Upper Cretaceous
|
|
315.
|
Mm.m,l,s
|
Mixed
|
Neogenic formations consisting of a lower series of clays and marls of grey-green colour, a marly horizon and finally an upper series of marls of yellow-white colour, calcitic sandstones, biocalcarenites and biosparites with clastic quar
|
Middle Miocene
|
|
316.
|
P-Ts
|
Mixed
|
Phyllites, quartzose meta-sandstones and mica-carbonaceous schists prevail, crossed locally by coarse-crystalline quartz veins up to 10cm thick.
|
Permian - Upper Triassic
|
|
317.
|
T4.fl
|
Mixed
|
Clastic series : alternations of sandstones in thin banks with fragments of vegetal remnants and dark grey marls with filaments. Locally bands of light grey limestones occur with yellow coating, including Conodonts.
|
Carnian
|
|
318
|
T4-5
|
Mixed
|
Ravdoucha formation : marly limestone with metamorphism, containing pellites, quartzites and breccila limestones and dolomites.
|
Upper Triassic
|
|
319.
|
T4-fl
|
Mixed
|
Clastic series : alternations of sandstones in thin banks with fragments of vegetal remnants and dark grey marls with filaments. Locally bands of light grey limestones occur with yellow coating, including Conodonts.
|
Carnian
|
|
320.
|
T-K7
|
Mixed
|
Reddish limestones with jaspers, radiolarites and "first flysch".
|
Up. Triassic - Low. Senonian
|
|
321.
|
T-K8
|
Mixed
|
Reddish limestones with jaspers, radiolarites and "first flysch".
|
Up. Triassic - Low. Senonian
|
|
322.
|
Ts.fl
|
Mixed
|
Clastic series : alternations of sandstones in thin banks with fragments of vegetal remnants and dark grey marls with filaments. Locally bands of light grey limestones occur with yellow coating, including Conodonts.
|
Upper Triassic
|
|
323.
|
ol
|
Olistoliths
|
Olistoliths : locally occur, mainly of limestones, radiolarites and basic eruptive rocks, metamorphic or not.
|
Paleocene - Eocene
|
|
324.
|
ol1
|
Olistoliths
|
Olistoliths : locally occur, mainly of limestones, radiolarites and basic eruptive rocks, metamorphic or not. In layers of flysch.
|
Paleocene - Eocene
|
|
325.
|
ol2
|
Olistoliths
|
Olistoliths : locally occur, mainly of limestones. In layers of flysch.
|
Upper Eocene - Oligocene
|
|
326.
|
Js-ki.fl2
|
Ophiolites
|
Ophiolitic complex
|
Upp. Jurassic - Low. Cretaceous
|
|
327.
|
o
|
Ophiolites
|
Ophiolites : of serpentinites, peridotites, diabases, diorites and amphibolites accompanied by red marly limestones of Mastrichtian age, in places.
|
Pre-middle Miocene
|
|
328.
|
ophro
|
Ophiolites
|
Ophiolitic rocks : ultrabasic and basic rocks, pseudoconglomerates, consisting of peridotites locally serpentinized, gabbros and diorites.
|
Lower Cretaceous ? - Cenomanian
|
|
329.
|
π,θ
|
Ophiolithic complex
|
Ophiolithic complex: peridotites, pyroxenites, usually serpentinized and slightly metamorphic diabasic rocks
|
|
|
330.
|
b
|
Orthorocks
|
Metabasalts and metatuffs
|
Upper Triassic
|
|
331.
|
ortho
|
Orthorocks
|
Orthorocks : Metabasalts and metagabbros.
|
Mid. Carboniferrous - Up. Triass
|
|
332.
|
ϋ
|
Orthorocks
|
Orthorocks : Metabasalts and metagabbros.
|
Mid. Carboniferrous - Up. Triass
|
|
333.
|
Th-J.k
|
Pantokratora limestones
|
Pantokratora limestones: grey-white, fine to coarse grained, recrystallized, thick-bedded, massive and karstic limestones
|
Rhaetian-Lias?
|
|
334.
|
Cm-Ts.ph
|
Pararocks
|
Pararocks : Schists (mica, mica-chlorite, chloritoid-muscovite, quartzitic with sericite and hematite, carbonaceous-micaceous, graphite-mica), phyllites (mainly carbonaceous-chloritoid) and quartzites.
|
Mid.Carboniferous-Up.Triassic
|
|
335.
|
π
|
Peridotites
|
peridotite
|
Igneous rocks
|
|
336.
|
Ώ
|
Peridotites
|
peridotite
|
Igneous rocks
|
|
337.
|
ph
|
Phyllites
|
Phyllites : graphitic, seritic, chrolitic, sometimes haematitic.
|
Triassic
|
|
338.
|
PT-ph
|
Phyllites
|
Dark-grey greenish or maroon, mainly sericite phyllite in various grade of epizone metamorphosis.
|
Permian - Triassic
|
|
339.
|
PT-ph + C
|
Phyllites
|
Dark-grey greenish or maroon, mainly sericite phyllite in various grade of epizone metamorphosis, containing intercalations of sandstone and conglomerate.
|
Permian - Triassic
|
|
340.
|
PT-ph + q
|
Phyllites
|
Dark-grey greenish or maroon, mainly sericite phyllite in various grade of epizone metamorphosis, containing quartzite conglomerate and dark coloured thin-bedded crystalline limestone
|
Permian - Triassic
|
|
341.
|
PT-ph-c
|
Phyllites
|
Dark-grey greenish or maroon, mainly sericite phyllite in various grade of epizone metamorphosis, containing intercalations of sandstone and conglomerate.
|
Permian - Triassic
|
|
342.
|
Cs-Ti.ph
|
Phyllites-Marbles-Quartzites
|
"Sfinari" formation : a sequence of alternating green phyllites, thin-platy marbles and detached thin quartzite banks
|
Upper Carboniferous - Upper Skyt
|
|
343.
|
Ts-Jm..k
|
Platy limestones
|
Platy limestones: polychromatic, fine-,medium-, to coarse-graines,sublithographic, marly and locally brecciated with silex
|
Upper Triassic?-Dogger
|
|
344.
|
Ts-JMk
|
Platy limestones
|
Platy limestones: polychromatic, fine-,medium-, to coarse-graines,sublithographic, marly and locally brecciated with silex
|
Upper Triassic?-Dogger
|
|
345.
|
πρ
|
Porphyrites
|
Porphyrite
|
Up. Jurassic - Low. Cretaceous
|
|
346.
|
q
|
Quartzites
|
quartzites
|
Triassic
|
|
347.
|
T3-4.qt
|
Quartzites
|
"Agios Dikeos" quartzites
|
Middle Ladinian-Lower Carnian
|
|
348.
|
T4-5.qt
|
Quartzites
|
"Koutrouli" quartzites
|
Carnian-Norian
|
|
349.
|
Mg
|
Quartzites - Phyllites
|
Layers of quartzite alternating with phyllites and graphitic phyllites.
|
Mesozoic (????)
|
|
350.
|
Mq
|
Quartzites - Phyllites
|
Layers of quartzite alternating with phyllites.
|
Mesozoic (????)
|
|
351.
|
J.ks
|
Radiolarites
|
Radiolarites and "first flysch"
|
Jurassic - Lower Senonian
|
|
352
|
Rw
|
Rauhwackes
|
Rauhwackes of different sizes and irregular shapes with thin to thick bedded or even unbedded, mostly crystalline, limestones and sometimes interbedded phyllites.
|
Triassic
|
|
353.
|
Rw
|
Rauhwackes
|
Rauhwackes of different sizes and irregular shapes with thin to thick bedded or even unbedded, mostly crystalline, limestones and sometimes interbedded phyllites.
|
Triassic
|
|
354.
|
M5.r
|
Reef fragments
|
Reef fragments
|
Tortonian
|
|
355.
|
s
|
Sands
|
Coastal sands
|
Holocene
|
|
356.
|
Mi-ms
|
Sandstones
|
Yellowish marly sandstone
|
Miocene
|
|
357.
|
Mi-st
|
Sandstones
|
Sandstone, loose of weak cohesion in some places
|
Miocene
|
|
358.
|
Es-Oi.sch
|
Schists
|
Metaflysch (Croussona beds) : carbonate schists, green, grey-green to dark-red, which have undergone very low degree metamorphism. Micro-medium crystalline texture and compact parallelly oriented. Main mineralogical constituents : malcit
|
Upper Eocene - Lower Oligocene
|
|
359.
|
fi
|
Schists
|
Kroussonas formation : green and red schists with some layers of marble.Kroussonas formation : green and red schists with some layers of marble.
|
Upper Eocene - Lower Oligocene
|
|
360.
|
Ji-m.sch
|
Schists
|
Schists siliceous-carbonate-argillaceous :small occurances, thin-medium-bedded, of yellowish to light brown colour, locally with characteristic porous surface. Undergone a slight local metamorphism. The siliceous material is mainly chalc
|
Lias ? - Dogger ?
|
|
361.
|
Js-ki.fl1
|
Schists
|
Vatos schists : Grey marls and beds of sandstone limestones, sometimes with conglomerates and quartzites.
|
Upp. Jurassic - Low.Cretaceous
|
|
362.
|
Ki-s.sch
|
Schists
|
Schists : similar to the mesozoic schists of the pelagonian nappe differing only in glaucophane which is absent here. They are of various colour, they have undergone low degree metamorphism and are traversed by quartz veins.
|
Lower Cretaceous ? - Cenomanian
|
|
363.
|
Mz.sch
|
Schists
|
Carbonate-quartoze schists
|
Middle Jurassic - Eocene
|
|
364.
|
PCsh
|
Schists
|
Crystalline schists : shining mica schists, or graphitic chloritic phyllites.
|
Mesozoic
|
|
365.
|
Pz-Mzsh
|
Schists
|
Crystalline schists : of the autochthonous system of Crete island (phyllites, muscovitic, graphitic, seritic, quartzitic, chloritic and lustrus schists), at places include platy black limestones.
|
Paleozoic - Mesozoic (?)
|
|
366.
|
Pz-Mzsh
|
Schists
|
Crystalline schists : of the autochthonous system of Crete island (phyllites, muscovitic, graphitic, seritic, quartzitic, chloritic and lustrus schists), at places include platy black limestones.
|
Paleozoic - Mesozoic (?)
|
|
367.
|
sch
|
Schists
|
Schists : argillaceous, micaceous, hydromicaceous, cliritic, quartose with phyllite intercalations.
|
Mesozoic
|
|
368.
|
T3-4.sch
|
schists
|
"Stavros-Selli" schists: variegated formation consisting of lowsonitic schists, quartzites and platy marbles. Gypsum intercalations occur in dolomites and rahwackes of considerable thickness.
|
Middle Ladinian-Lower Carnian
|
|
369.
|
Mt
|
Schists and Limestones
|
Clay schists and limestone terraces : darkcoloured clayey schists with black platy limestones and beds of quartzites
|
Miocene (????)
|
|
370.
|
Cs-Ti.sch
|
Schists-Quartzites-Marbles
|
"Mixed formation" : variegated formation consisting of chloritoid schists, quartzites and platy marbles
|
Upper Carboniferous - Upper Skyt
|
|
371.
|
H.sc,cs
|
Scree and talus cones
|
Scree and talus cones
|
Holocene
|
|
372.
|
Tm-s.sc
|
Shales
|
Shales : schists of very low metamorphic grade and yellowish, red-violet or greenish colour. They display lepidoblastic texture and parallel structure.
|
Ladinian - Carnian
|
|
373.
|
Tm-s.sch
|
Shales
|
Shales : schists of very low metamorphic grade and yellowish, red-violet or greenish colour. They display lepidoblastic texture and parallel structure.
|
Ladinian - Carnian
|
|
374.
|
Tm-s.sh
|
Shales
|
Shales (Ravdoucha) : yellowish to red-violet, of low degree metamorphism with lepidoblastic texture and parallel and schistoid structure. Main mineralogical constituents : sericite, chlorite, quartz and feldspars.
|
M.-U.Triassic (Ladinian-Carnian)
|
|
375.
|
H.el
|
Terra rossa, elluvial mantle
|
Terra rossa and elluvial mantle
|
Holocene
|
|
376.
|
vol
|
Volcanic
|
Volcanic Rocks : occuring locally in limited extend and small thickness, in tectonic contact with the lower members of the polychromatic cherts.They are pumiceous pillow lavas,of balsatic to andesitic composition,intensely altered and im
|
Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous
|
|
|
|
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